| Main Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found in clear, cold, deep water of lakes and tributary streams; occasionally found in brackish water in the Arctic (Ref. 5723). Moves from lakes into inlet streams or from slow, deep pools into shallow, gravel-bottomed portions of streams to spawn (Ref. 27547). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 1998). Young are preyed upon by other fishes and fish-eating birds; while adults in spawning streams are taken by mammals, osprey and eagles (Ref. 1998). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates as well as on insects and plants (Ref. 1998). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
| Feeding habit | grazing on aquatic plants |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 2.54 | 0.26 | 2.59 | 0.28 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.11 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Little, A.S., W.M. Tonn, R.F. Tallman and J.D. Reist, 1998 | ||||