| Main Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Only old males deeper, occurs deeper during winter. Buries itself in the sand at night or when frightened. Acts sometimes as cleaner. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | : rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.44 | 0.11 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.24 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bell, J.D. and M.L. Harmelin-Vivien, 1983 | ||||