| Main Ref. | Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino, 1984 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Males exhibit non-territorial home range, using small holes, rock cracks, or empty oyster shells as a spawning nest. Aggressive behavior with other males were observed, which includes heads up, open mouth, expanded fins, and lateral displays that could result in biting. The male approaches a female’s home range, displayed, and then leads the female to the nesting area, after which after entering the nest, spawning takes place. The female leaves and the male guards the eggs, cleaning them with his mouth and ventilating them with his pectoral and caudal fins (Ref. 116739). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | Greenfield, D.W., 2017 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | |
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | |||||
| Ref. | |||||