| Main Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Inhabits clear reefs (Ref. 9710). Feeds on crustaceans and sea urchins (Ref. 3798). Mobile invertebrates feeder (Ref. 57616). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
| Ref. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Forms dense schools (Ref. 5217). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.26 | 0.34 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||