| Main Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Inhabits coastal waters, over sandy or rocky bottoms. Also found in water with low salinity (Ref. 9626). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : sand; mud;: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Martin, F.D. and J.W. Patus, 1984 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.59 | 0.24 | 3.33 | 0.39 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| From individual food items | 3.94 | 0.64 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 | ||||