| Main Ref. | Eccles, D.H., 1992 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Pelagic species closely associated with sardines on which it depends (Ref. 4967). Spawns throughout the year from 20 cm TL. Young (15-20 cm TL) migrate towards the southern boundaries of the lake (Burundi) and return to the northern coasts to reproduce. Young (<7 cm) feed mainly on zooplankton (e.g. Mesocyclops sp.), as well as on shrimps (Limnocardina sp. ) (Refs. 11252, 52862). Adults from 15 cm TL are strictly piscivorous on small clupeids. Cannibalism also occurs in this species (Ref. 11252). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Palomares, M.L.D., 1991 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.27 | 0.30 | 3.95 | 0.57 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
| From individual food items | 4.09 | 0.71 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Mannini, P., I. Katonda, B. Kissaka and P. Berburg, 1999 | ||||