| Main Ref. | Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Prefers cool temperatures. Feeds on amphipods and polychaetes (important foods); also include fishes, decapods, isopods and bivalves. They are eaten by sharks, other rays and grey seals. Parasites of the species include 1 protozoan, 1 myxosporidian, 2 trematodes, 6 cestodes and 3 nematodes (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.43 | 0.51 | 4.12 | 0.63 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||