| Main Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Known from tide pool areas to subtidal; usually 2 meters or less, rarely to 90 meters (Ref. 51661). Benthic; feeds on crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Parasites of the species include cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans, nematodes, protozoans and copepods (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2004 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.28 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.28 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||