| Main Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Normally found on or near bottom, but may occasionally move up into mid-waters (Ref. 1371). In Australian waters, they are found in dense schools near the sea bed during the day and move up in mid-waters at dusk, to within 50 m of the surface (Ref. 13538). Juveniles are commonly found in estuaries and bays of southern Tasmania (Ref. 26498). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Benthic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.53 | 0.18 | 4.27 | 0.68 | Troph of adults from 8 studies. |
| From individual food items | 4.21 | 0.74 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bulman, C.M. and S.J.M. Blaber, 1986 | ||||