| Main Ref. | Lin, H.-J., K.-T. Shao, S.-R. Kuo, H.-L. Hsieh, S.-L. Wong, I.-M. Chen, W.-T. Lo and J.-J. Hung, 1999 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Present in seagrass beds at all life stages. Coastal species often found in brackish waters; common in estuaries (Also Ref. 127989). They croak when taken from the water. Usually forming schools. Juveniles in seagrass beds and in mangrove bays (Ref. 48635). Feeds on small invertebrates (Ref. 127989). Demersal (Ref. 137525). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : demersal; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Matich, P., J.J. Kiszka, K.R. Gastrich and M.R. Heithaus, 2017 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Lin, H.-J., K.-T. Shao, S.-R. Kuo, H.-L. Hsieh, S.-L. Wong, I.-M. Chen, W.-T. Lo and J.-J. Hung, 1999 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.59 | 0.38 | Troph of adults and juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| From individual food items | 4.20 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||