| Main Ref. | Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986 |
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| Remarks | A pelagic fish forming large loose schools across the continental shelf over sand/mud bottoms; depth range from 2 to 275mat least, but most abundant at 155 to 225 m; near bottom during the day and migrating into the water column at night ; juveniles often found under floating weeds and with jellyfish. Adults feed on jellyfish, small fish, crustaceans, and worms; the juveniles are plankton and jellyfish feeders. Mature within 1 year and rarely lives past 2; spawning takes place at discrete intervals twice a year slightly offshore. Highly esteemed for food, marketed fresh and frozen; caught mainly with otter trawls (Ref. 53006). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : sand; mud; |
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| Substrate Ref. | Haedrich, R.L., 2003 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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| Feeding type Ref. | |
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 4.00 | 0.28 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||