| Main Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found on rough, rocky bottom along the continental shelf and upper slope (Ref. 1371), and in sandy or muddy areas of the Southern Japanese and East China seas (Ref. 9137). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). Feeds mainly on pelagic fishes (Ref. 57119). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Fujita, T., D. Kitagawa, Y. Okuyama, Y. Ishito, T. Inada and Y. Jin, 1995 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.20 | 0.41 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| From individual food items | 4.15 | 0.68 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Fujita, T., D. Kitagawa, Y. Okuyama, Y. Ishito, T. Inada and Y. Jin, 1995 | ||||