| Main Ref. | Gorbatenko, K.M. and E.N. Il'inskii, 1992 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Epipelagic to mesopelagic (Ref. 31442). Adults move upward in large numbers at night (Ref. 28499). Feed on fishes, copepods and euphausiids (Ref. 11712); other benthic and planktonic organisms (Ref. 28107). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Gorbatenko, K.M. and E.N. Il'inskii, 1992 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.10 | 3.18 | 0.20 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| From individual food items | 3.61 | 0.51 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Gorbatenko, K.M. and E.N. Il'inskii, 1992 | ||||