| Main Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found usually near the bottom, at times also in surface waters; pelagic and migratory in large schools. Feeds on other fishes especially sardines, anchovies, etc. and small crustaceans (Ref. 4233). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.77 | 0.27 | 3.56 | 0.39 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.37 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Kyrtatos, N.A., 1998 | ||||