Clarias gariepinus, North African catfish : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

North African catfish
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Image of Clarias gariepinus (North African catfish)
Clarias gariepinus
foto/gambar oleh Larsen, J.H.

klasifikasi / Nama Nama-nama umum | Sinonim (persamaan) | Catalog of Fishes(Marga, Jenis) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Siluriformes (Catfishes) > Clariidae (Airbreathing catfishes)
Etymology: Clarias: Greek, chlaros = lively, in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out of water; gariepinus: Named after its type locality, the Gariep river, the Hottentot name for the Orange river, South Africa.

Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi Ekologi

; air tawar bentopelagis; pH range: 6.5 - 8.0; dH range: 5 - 28; potamodromous (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 80 m (Ref. 34291). Subtropical; 8°C - 35°C (Ref. 6465); 42°N - 28°S, 17°W - 51°E

Penyebaran Wilayah | Daerah-daerah FAO | Ekosistem | Kemunculan | peta titik | Introduksi | Faunafri

Africa: almost Pan-African (Ref. 107916), absent from Maghreb, the Upper and (most of the) Lower Guinea and the Cape province and probably also Nogal province. Asia: Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey. Widely introduced to other parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.

Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur

Kematangan: Lm 30.8, range 34 - ? cm
Max length : 170 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 40637); common length : 90.0 cm NG jantan/; (Ref. 34290); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 60.0 kg (Ref. 4537); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 15 Tahun (Ref. 94815)

deskripsi pendek Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | Morfologi | Morfometrik

Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 61 - 80; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 45 - 65; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 56 - 63. Diagnosis: body depth 6-8 times in standard length, head 3-3,5 times in SL (Ref. 34290) or 30-37% SL (Ref. 28714). Head somewhat between rectangular and pointed in dorsal outline; snout broadly rounded; eyes supero-lateral and relatively small (Ref. 248). Teeth on premaxilla and lower jaw small, fine and arranged in several rows; nasal barbels 1/5-1/2 times as long as head in fishes longer than 12 cm, and 1/2-4/5 of head length in smaller individuals; maxillary barbels rarely shorter than head, usually somewhat longer and reaching to a point midway between origin of dorsal fin and insertion of pelvic fins; outer mandibular barbel longer than inner pair (Ref. 34290). Postorbital bones in contact; lower part of head with 2 black, lateral bands (Ref. 81644). Contrary to other Clarias species, Clarias gariepinus has a high number of gill rakers varying from 24-110 (Ref. 248, 34290, 81644, 101841), the number increasing with size of the fish; gill rakers long, slender and closely set (Ref. 248, 34290). Distance between occipital process and base of dorsal fin is short; dorsal fin almost reaches caudal fin; anal fin origin closer to caudal fin base than to snout, nearly reaching caudal fin (Ref. 248). Pelvic fin closer to snout than to caudal fin base (Ref. 248) or about midway (Ref. 28714). Pectoral fin extends from operculum to below 1st dorsal fin rays (Ref. 248). Pectoral spine robust (Ref. 248), serrated only on its outer face (Ref. 248, 81644), the number of serrations increasing with age (Ref. 248). Lateral line appears as a small, white line from posterior end of head to middle of caudal fin base; openings to secondary sensory canals clearly marked (Ref. 248).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: oval.

Biologi     Daftar kata (contoh epibenthic)

Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Adults occur mainly in quiet waters, (vegetated fringes of) rivers and lakes, (isolated) pools (Ref. 248, 28714), irrigation and sewage effluent canals (Ref. 28714), and prefer rather shallow and swampy areas with a soft muddy substrate and calmer water (Ref. 78218). They may also occur in fast flowing rivers and in rapids (Ref. 248, 78218). Recorded as having been or being farmed in rice fields (Ref. 119549). The two known colour types appear to correlate with water turbidity and substrate type (Ref. 81644). Widely tolerant of extreme environmental conditions (Ref. 6465). Water parameters appear to play only a very minor role (Ref. 78218). The presence of an accessory breathing organ enables this species to breath air when very active or under very dry conditions. They remain in the muddy substrates of ponds and occasionally gulp air through the mouth (Ref. 6465). Can leave the water at night using its strong pectoral fins and spines in search of land-based food or can move into the breeding areas through very shallow pathways (Ref. 6868). Omnivorous bottom feeders which occasionally feed at the surface (Ref. 248), but essentially a predator feeding on crustaceans, insects and fish (Ref. 28714). Feed at night on a wide variety of prey (Ref. 6868) like insects, plankton, invertebrates and fish but also take in young birds, rotting flesh and plants (Ref. 6465). Migrate to rivers and temporary streams to spawn (Ref. 34291), and a major floodplain migrant, spawning throughout the flood season, in the Sudd (Sudan) (Ref. 28714). Also caught with dragnets. During intra-specific aggressive interactions, this species was noted to generate electric organ discharges that were monophasic, head-positive and lasting from 5-260 ms (Ref. 10479). Known as sharptooth catfish in aquaculture, a highly recommended food fish in Africa (Ref. 52863). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten broiled, fried and baked (Ref. 9987).

Siklus hidup dan perilaku kawin Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fekunditas | Larva

Oviparous. Spawning takes place during the rainy season in flooded deltas. The fishes make a lateral migration towards the inundated plains to breed and return to the river or lake soon afterwards while the juveniles remain in the inundated area. Juveniles return to the lake or river when they are between 1.5 and 2.5 cm long (Ref. 34291). First sexual maturity occurs when females are between 40-45 cm and males between 35-40 cm. Eggs are greenish. Incubations lasts little (about 33 hours at 25°C).

rujukan utama Unggah referensi Anda | Acuan | Koordinator | mitra

Teugels, G.G., 1986. A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 247:199 p. (Ref. 248)

Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  kurang bimbang (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 June 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

ancaman kepada manusia

  Potential pest (Ref. 4537)





penggunaan manusia

Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Budidaya air: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
FAO - Sistem akuakultur: production searchPerikanan: profail spesis, landings search; Publication: search | FishSource |

informasi lanjut

Ekologi trofik
Item makanan (mangsa)
Komposisi makanan
Konsumsi makanan
Ransum makanan
Pemangsa
Ekologi
Ekologi
Dinamika populasi
Parameter pertumbuhan
Maks. usia / ukuran
Panjang-berat rel.
Panjang-panjang rel.
ukuran frekuensi
Konversi massa
pemulihan
Kelimpahan
Siklus hidup
Reproduksi, perkembang biakan
Kematangan
Kedewasaan / insang rel.
Fekunditas
Pemijahan
Agregasi pemijahan
telur-telur
pekembangan telor
Larva
Dinamika larva
Penyebaran
Wilayah
Daerah-daerah FAO
Ekosistem
Kemunculan
Introduksi
BRUVS - Video
Anatomi
Area insang
Otak
Otolith
Fisiologi
Komposisi tubuh
Nutrisi
Konsumsi oksigen
Jenis renang
Kecepatan berenang
Pigmen visual
Suara ikan
Penyakit & Parasit
Toksisitas (LC50)
Genetika
genom
Genetika
Heterozigositas
Diturunkan
Keanekaragaman Genetik
Yang berhubungan dengan manusia
Sistem akuakultur
profil budidaya air
Strain
Kasus Ciguatera
Perangko, koin, dll.
Penjangkauan
mitra
Taksonomi
Nama-nama umum
Sinonim (persamaan)
Morfologi
Morfometrik
Gambar
Acuan
Acuan

Alat, peralatan

Kuis organik | E-book | Penuntun lapangan | Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | tanda freqkuenci panjang | peringkat sejarah hidup | peta titik | Tangkap-MSY |

laporan khas

semak penyelenggaraan akuarium | semak helaian fakta spesis | semak helaian fakta aqulcalture

muat turun XML

ringkasan halaman | Data titik | Nama-nama umum | fotos/gambar

Sumber internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | semak peneliti ikan | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Marga, Jenis | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Sistem akuakultur: production searchPerikanan: profail spesis, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Pangkalan data nasional | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Akuarium publik | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: pergi, Cari | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Catatan Zoologi

Estimasi berdasarkan model

Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik
(Acuan 82804) 		PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.00776 (0.00665 - 0.00906), b=2.97 (2.93 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Tingkat Trofik
(Acuan 69278) 		3.8   ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 8.5 (5.5 - 12.2) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 25 growth studies.
Daya lenting
(Acuan 120179) 		sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.06-0.19; tm=2; Fec > 10,000).
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan
(Ref. 59153) 		Very high vulnerability (76 of 100). 🛈
kategori harga
(Ref. 80766) 		Unknown.
Nutrisi
(Ref. 124155) 		Calcium = 6.69 [3.48, 35.37] mg/100g; Iron = 0.989 [0.530, 1.675] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [16.2, 18.3] %; Omega3 = 0.291 [0.094, 0.905] g/100g; Selenium = 81.1 [23.6, 249.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.9 [6.3, 90.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.371 [0.257, 0.553] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.