Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243). Tropical
Southeast Atlantic: south coast of South Africa. Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and Persian Gulf to South Africa, east along the continental shores to western Pacific, from Japan to Australia (Ref. 11441).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 559)
Mainly marine, occasionally enters estuaries (Ref. 4833). Occurs over sandy bottoms, often on coastal reefs; feeds on a variety of marine invertebrates (Ref. 68964).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Smith, M.M. and P.C. Heemstra, 1986. Tetraodontidae. p. 894-903. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4919)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 559)
Human uses
Fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial
Tools
Special reports
Download XML
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.02239 (0.01375 - 0.03645), b=2.86 (2.73 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Trophic level (Ref. 69278) |
3.7 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives |
Resilience (Ref. 120179) |
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.). |
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100). 🛈 |