FB-102 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=102 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Anguilliformes Congridae Conger Conger esculentus Poey, 1861 Maifisk Maisild Aloza Aloza finta Sável Lososnice Placka Placka obecná Placka pomoranská Placka pomořanská Podhořanka Podmořanka Saracca Herlyn Majsild Allis Finte Alse Eilft Maifisch Mecheuisch Alice shad Allice shad Allis shad Mayfish Shad Euroopa aloosa Maisild Pilkkusilli Alose Alose vraie Alose vulgaire Coulac Coulaca Coulacqua Coulat Couvert Grande alose Poisson de mai Sabre Lojka Agone Alosa Lacc Lacca Lacci европейская алоза Atlantska lojka Cepa Craig herring Crue herring Rock herring Alóza Majfisk Stamsill Tirsi Sábago Sabalo Sábalo Sábalo común Samborca Alosa Alosa adevarata Atlantska čepa Elft Groote meifisch Grote meivis Kepa Scrumbie de mare Κέπα 西鯡 西鲱 Alausa vulgaris Valenciennes, 1847 Alosa alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Alosa communis Yarrell, 1836 Alosa cuvieri Malm, 1877 Alosa cuvierii Malm, 1877 Alosa rusa Mauduyt, 1848 Alosa vulgaris (Valenciennes, 1847) Clupea alosa Linnaeus, 1758 1990-10-17 2007-02-12 Coppola, S.R., W. 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(ed.)0 World Records Freshwater Fishing. www.fishing-worldrecords.com, 8 December 2014. (Ref. 99764) de Leiva, I., C. Busuttil, M. Darmanin and m. Camilleri0 Artisanal fisheries in the western Mediterranean- Malta fisheries. Copemed - FAO Sub-regional project, Malta, 21p. (Ref. 100713) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Pellegrin, J.0 Les poissons des eaux douces de l'Afrique du Nord française et leur distribution géographique. C. R. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 44:269-273. (Ref. 104800) Pellegrin, J.0 Poissons recueillis par M. Ch. Alluaud dans la région du Sous (Maroc). Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 2(5-6):103-106. (Ref. 104833) Pellegrin, J.0 Les poissons du Sahara. C. R. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 47:585-588 (Ref. 104842) Ghazal, A.L., J.P. Farthouat, P.C. Beaubrun and C. Brownell0 Faune du Maroc. Poissons d'eau douce du Maroc. Rabat. 70 p. 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(Ref. 105472) Cheung, W.L., R. Watson and D. Pauly0 Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch. Nature 497:365-368. (Ref. 107945) Papaconstantinou, C.0 Fauna Graeciae. An updated checklist of the fishes in the Hellenic seas. Monagraphs on Marine Sciences 7 (Ref. 113897) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Crec'hriou, R., R. Neveu and P. Lenfant0 Length-weight relationship of main commercial fishes from the French Catalan coast. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 29:1191-1192. (Ref. 115876) Béarez, P., P. Pruvost, É. Feunteun, S. Iglésias, P. Francour, R. Causse, J. De Mazières, S. Tercerie and N. Bailly0 Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium 41(4):351-371. (Ref. 116450) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Antunes, C., F. Cobo and M.J. Araujo0 Iberian inland fisheries. p. 268-282. In J.F. Craig (ed.). Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 899p. (Ref. 119049) Baglinière, J.-L., M.R. Sabatié, E. Rochard, P. Alexandrino and M.W. Aprahamian0 The Allis shad <i>Alosa alosa</i>: biology, ecology, range, and status of populations. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 35:85-102. (Ref. 122971) Martins, R. and M. Carneiro0 Manual de identificação de peixes ósseos da costa continental portuguesa. Principais características diagnosticantes. IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisboa:1-204. (Ref. 128458) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Rodríguez-García, C., J. Castro-Gutiérrez, A.R. Domínguez-Bustos, A. García-González and R. Cabrera-Castro0 Every fish counts: Challenging length-weight relationship bias in discards. Fishes 8(222)1-18. (Ref. 128593) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Ford, M.0 <i>Alosa alosa</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T903A15541267. (Ref. 137581) FB-pic-101-11395 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-27 1996-06-27 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Alalo_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Alalo_u0.gif FB-pic-101-11396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-27 1996-06-27 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Alalo_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Alalo_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Amphihaline species, schooling and strongly migratory, penetrating far up rivers but not into small tributaries (Refs. 188, 59043). Adults are usually found in open waters along the coast (Ref. 51442). In freshwater, they inhabit major rivers but may also enter tributaries, if water temperature is equal to or is warmer than the main river (Ref. 188, 10536). Known lake populations from Morocco and Portugal need access to rivers to spawn (Refs. 10536, 89647, 89648). Larvae and small juveniles inhabit deep slow-flowing areas of rivers (Ref. 89649), some swimming upstream in late summer and autumn (Ref. 10536). Juveniles (up to 1+ years) are usually found near estuaries or river mouths (Refs. 10536, 59043), possibly making vertical diurnal movements synchronized with the tides; they remain in estuaries for over one year (Ref. 89630). Adults primarily feed on a wide range of planktonic crustaceans; larger individuals feed on small schooling fishes (Ref. 188, 51442, 59043). Juveniles in freshwater prey on insect larvae. Females in European rivers commonly reach 70 cm total length (Ref. 10536). Females grow faster and are always larger than males of the same age (Ref. 10536). Less common than Alosa fallax but both have suffered from pollution and weirs or other obstructions (Ref. 188). It has been suggested that members of the genus Alosa are hearing specialists with the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) having been found to detect and respond to sounds up to at least 180 kHz (Ref. 89631). This may aid in predator avoidance (e.g. cetaceans) (Ref. 89632). Hybridization with the twaite shad (Alosa fallax) has been reported from the Rhine (Ref. 89633) as well as from rivers in France and Algeria (Ref. 10536). Shad hybrids may reproduce (Ref. 27567). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten sautéed, broiled, fried and baked (Ref. 9988). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-DiagnosticDescr-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-12-22 20:41:41 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Diagnosis: Body somewhat compressed, fairly deep with depth at pectoral fin more than head length, scutes apparent along belly (Ref. 188, 51442). Upper jaw with a distinct median notch, lower jaw fitting into it; no teeth on palatine and vomer; gillrakers long, thin and numerous, a total of 85 to 155 on first arch, longer than gill filaments (Ref. 188, 6683, 59043). A dark spot posterior to gill opening, but sometimes absent, sometimes followed by several small blotches (Ref. 188, 59043). Alosa alosa resembles Alosa fallax, which has fewer and shorter gillrakers and 7 or 8 black spots along flank (Ref. 188).Description: Body fusiform and laterally compressed (Ref. 122971). Head large, high, and laterally compressed; a median notch on the upper jaw (Ref. 122971). Gillrakers long, thin and numerous, a total of 85 to 155 on first arch; distinctly longer than branchial filaments in specimens longer than 250 mm standard length; 55-85 gillrakers on lower part of anterior arch (Ref. 188, 6683, 11601, 59043). Number of dorsal fin rays 18 to 21; number of anal fin rays 22 to 27; caudal fin is distinctly forked and homocercal (Ref. 11601, 122971). Large, thin scales; 60-90 well-developed, deciduous cycloid scales on a longitudinal line and 22-26 in a transverse series; scaling is irregular on the longitudinal line (Ref. 11601, 51442, 52923; 122971). A ventral keel of scutes is present (Ref. 51442, 122971).Colouration: Dark blue or blue-green back, becoming greenish brown or golden to the sides, sides and ventral side are silvery; a single dusky spot behind the gill opening, sometimes absent, and occasionally 1-6 more dusky spots behind it (Ref. 188, 52923, 59043, 88187, 122971). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Morphology-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-12-22 20:41:41 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 18 - 21; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 20 - 27; Vertebrae: 57 - 58 Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Distribution-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-09-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Northeast Atlantic: Norway to Morocco, the British Isles, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain and Portugal; known to enter the southern Baltic Sea and western Mediterranean Sea at least until the Ebro River in Spain. Ford, M. 2024 <i>Alosa alosa</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T903A15541267. (Ref. 137581) FB-Uses-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) FB-Migration-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Maitland, P.S. and T.W. Hatton-Ellis 2003 Ecology of the allis and twaite shad. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 3. Peterborough (English Nature): 28 p. (Ref. 89642) FB-LifeCycle-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=101&StockCode=115 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Adults in the sea begin to move towards the coast in February and congregate near or in estuaries (Ref. 10536). They ascend rivers in April and May when water temperature is 9-12 °C, peaking at 13-16 °C. Adults may migrate up to 700 km from the sea into major rivers and occasionally into the largest tributaries of these rivers to spawn (Ref. 10536). Males migrate upriver at 3-9 years; females first reproduce 1-3 years later than males. Gametogenesis occurs during spawning migration. Males arrive first in the upper reaches and occupy appropriate spawning sites, with females arriving 1-2 weeks later (Ref. 10536). Spawning sites are usually shallow areas ( Allardi, J. and P. Keith 1991 Atlas préliminaire des poissons d'eau douce de France. Coll. Patrimoines Naturels, vol. 4. Secrétariat Faune Flore, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 234 p. (Ref. 2163) FB-TrophicStrategy-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2015-03-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public alosa http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration In brackish water near estuaries adults prey mainly on planktonic crustaceans (Refs. 40, 89654) and may add small schooling fishes to their diet while at sea (Refs. 188, 10536). Juveniles in freshwater feed on insect larvae, planktonic crustaceans and rotifers (Refs. 10536, 35387) adding herring larvae and planktonic crustaceans to their diet when they move to brackish water near estuaries (Refs. 40, 89654). Feeding appears to cease during migration into rivers (Refs. 10536, 30578). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Size-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle 69.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 10536)); 83 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 4,000 g (Ref. 30578); max. reported age: 10 years (Ref. 10536) Quignard, J.-P. and C. Douchement 1991 <i>Alosa alosa</i> (Linnaeus 1758). p. 89-126. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10536) Billard, R. 1997 Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. (Ref. 30578) Quignard, J.-P. and C. Douchement 1991 <i>Alosa alosa</i> (Linnaeus 1758). p. 89-126. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10536) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-101 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-18 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=101 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size pelagic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 89642); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 10 - 400 m (Ref. 10536) Maitland, P.S. and T.W. Hatton-Ellis 2003 Ecology of the allis and twaite shad. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 3. Peterborough (English Nature): 28 p. (Ref. 89642) Quignard, J.-P. and C. Douchement 1991 <i>Alosa alosa</i> (Linnaeus 1758). p. 89-126. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10536)