FB-10545 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Enkeltstribet snabelål Lesser spiny eel One-stripe spinyeel Spiny Eel Kultapuikkokala Aral ആരല് Bami Gainchi Mona-arel மோனரல் மோனாரால் Bata kola theliya 大吻棘鰍 大吻棘鳅 Macrognathus jammuensis Malhotra & Singh Dutta, 1975 Ophidium aculeatum (non Bloch, 1786) Rhynchobdella aculeata (non Bloch, 1786) Rhynchobdella aral Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Rhynchobdella dhanashorii Hora, 1921 Rhynchobdella dhanshorii Hora, 1921 Rhyncobdella aral Bloch & Schneider, 1801 1994-06-08 2003-01-16 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran0 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) Pethiyagoda, R.0 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) IUCN0 1994 IUCN red list of threatened animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. (Ref. 6376) Willey, A.0 <i>Rhyncobdella aculeata</i> in Ceylon. Nature 77:345. (Ref. 7307) Szechowycz, R.W.0 Freshwater fishes of Ceylon. Loris:J. Wildlife Nat. Protection Soc. Sri Lanka, June:285-290. (Ref. 7308) IUCN0 The 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. (Ref. 12050) Baillie, J. and B. Groombridge (eds.)0 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 378 p. (Ref. 12255) Rao, K.V.R.0 Pisces. p. 483-506. In Fauna of Chilka Lake. Wetland Ecosystem Series 1. Zool. Surv. India. 673 p. (Ref. 29108) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM). (Ref. 36508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Menon, A.G.K.0 Check list - fresh water fishes of India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Misc. Publ., Occas. Pap. No. 175, 366 p. (Ref. 41236) Rema Devi, K. and T.J. Indra0 Freshwater ichthyofaunal resources of Tamil Nadu. p. 77-97. In Ponniah, A.G. and A. Gopalakrishnan . Endemic Fish Diversity of Western Ghats. NBFGR-NATP Publication. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, U.P., India. 1, 347 p. (Ref. 43637) Gopi, K.C.0 Freshwater fishes of Kerala State. p. 56-76. In Ponniah, A.G. and A. Gopalakrishnan. (eds.). Endemic Fish Diversity of Western Ghats. NBFGR-NATP Publication. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, U.P., India. 1, 347 p. (Ref. 43638) Kapoor, D., R. Dayal and A.G. Ponniah0 Fish biodiversity of India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources Lucknow, India.775 p. (Ref. 45255) Varjo, M., L. Koli and H. Dahlström0 Kalannimiluettelo (versio 10/03). Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamo Ry. (Ref. 51086) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Mirza, M.R.0 Checklist of freshwater fishes of Pakistan. Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan. (Ref. 52665) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Britz, R.0 Species of the <i>Macrognathus aculeatus</i> group in Myanmar with remarks on <i>M. caudiocellatus</i> (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 20(4):295-308. (Ref. 83418) Shrestha, T.K.0 Ichthyology of Nepal: a study of fishes of the Himalayan waters. Kathmandu : Himalayan Ecosphere, 388 p., [104] p. of plates : col. ill., col. maps ; 23 cm. (Ref. 85009) Abujam, S.S. and S.P. Biswas0 Studies on the reproductive biology of spiny eel, <i>Macrognathus aral</i> from Upper Assam. J. Environ. Biol. 32:635-639. (Ref. 94280) Vidthayanon, C., A. Termvidchakorn and M. Pe0 Inland fishes of Myanmar. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 160 pp. (Ref. 94495) Plamoottil, M. and N.P. Abraham0 <i>Macrognathus albus</i> (order: Synbranchiformes; family: Mastacembelidae), a new fish species from Kerala, India. Intl. J. Pure Appl. Zool. 2(2):100-105. (Ref. 97143) Borah, S., B.K. Bhattacharjya, B.J. Saud, A.K. Yadav, D. Debnath, S. Yengkokpam, P. Das, N. Sharma, N.S. Singh and K.K. Sarma0 Length-weight relationship of six indigenous fish species from Deepor beel, a Ramsar site in Assam, India. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 33:655-657. (Ref. 116905) FB-GeneralDescr-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2003-01-16 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Occurs in running and stagnant waters (Ref. 4833). Found in fresh and brackish waters and deltas of large rivers, common in ponds and slow flowing rivers with vegetation in plains (Ref. 41236). Inhabits still waters with silt or mud substrate. Believed to be common in rice paddy fields. Nocturnal feeder, on insects and worms. Pethiyagoda, R. 1991 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) FB-DiagnosticDescr-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 2015-07-28 00:00:00 2015-07-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Caudal fin rays 15 and caudal fin distinctly separated from dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 97143). Plamoottil, M. and N.P. Abraham 2014 <i>Macrognathus albus</i> (order: Synbranchiformes; family: Mastacembelidae), a new fish species from Kerala, India. Intl. J. Pure Appl. Zool. 2(2):100-105. (Ref. 97143) FB-Morphology-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 2015-07-28 00:00:00 2015-07-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Dorsal spines (total): 1623; Dorsal soft rays (total): 4445 Plamoottil, M. and N.P. Abraham 2014 <i>Macrognathus albus</i> (order: Synbranchiformes; family: Mastacembelidae), a new fish species from Kerala, India. Intl. J. Pure Appl. Zool. 2(2):100-105. (Ref. 97143) FB-Distribution-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Asia: Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar. Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) FB-Uses-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2003-01-16 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 fisheries: commercial Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833) FB-LifeCycle-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2003-01-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=10545&StockCode=10867 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Deposits eggs on algal masses. Eggs hatch in 1-2 days. Demersal eggs are pale green and 1.3 mm in diameter (Ref. 6028). Pethiyagoda, R. 1991 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) FB-TrophicStrategy-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-12-18 00:00:00 2015-09-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public aral http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Inhabits still waters with silt or mud substrate. Also found in running waters (Ref. 4833). Believed to be common in rice paddy fields. Nocturnal feeder, on insects and worms. Pethiyagoda, R. 1991 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) FB-Size-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2003-01-16 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 63.5 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 7308)) Szechowycz, R.W. 1960 Freshwater fishes of Ceylon. Loris:J. Wildlife Nat. Protection Soc. Sri Lanka, June:285-290. (Ref. 7308) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-10545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1994-06-08 00:00:00 2003-01-16 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=10545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology benthopelagic; freshwater; brackish