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	<dc:identifier>FB-12908</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=12908</dc:source>
	<dwc:Kingdom>Animalia</dwc:Kingdom>
	<dwc:Phylum>Chordata</dwc:Phylum>
	<dwc:Class>Teleostei</dwc:Class>
	<dwc:Order>Acropomatiformes</dwc:Order>
	<dwc:Family>Pempheridae</dwc:Family>
	<dwc:Genus>Pempheris</dwc:Genus>
	<dwc:ScientificName>Pempheris schwenkii Bleeker, 1855</dwc:ScientificName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Chuquisa</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Jerguilla</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Leonora</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Nonora</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='es'>Pintadilla</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>斑点鹰翁</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>斑点鹰</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>斑點鷹</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>細斑鷹</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>细斑鹰</commonName>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Aplodactylus guttatus Guichenot, 1848</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Aplodactylus reginae Guichenot, 1848</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Aplodactylus vermiculatus Guichenot, 1848</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Haplodactylus guttatus (Guichenot, 1848)</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Haplodactylus punctatus (Valenciennes, 1832)</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Haplodactylus reginae (Guichenot, 1848)</synonym>
	<synonym relationship='synonym'>Haplodactylus vermiculatus (Guichenot, 1848)</synonym>
	<dcterms:created>1995-03-20</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2018-10-15</dcterms:modified>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12&amp;speccode=12909'>Chirichigno F., N.0 Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú (44):. (Ref. 12)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3157&amp;speccode=12909'>Jenyns, L.0 Fish. In C. Darwin (ed.) The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., during the years 1832-1836. Smith, Elder &amp; Co., London (in 4 parts): p. 1-32 (Jan. 1840); 33-64 (Jun. 1840); 65-96 (Apr. 1841); 97-172 (Apr. 1842). (Ref. 3157)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4517&amp;speccode=12909'>Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5530&amp;speccode=12909'>Chirichigno F., N.0 Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú (44):1-387. (Ref. 5530)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9032&amp;speccode=12909'>Stepien, C.A.0 Population structure, diets and biogeographic relationships of a rocky intertidal fish assemblage in Central Chile: high levels of herbivory in a temperate system. Bull. Mar. Sci. 47(3):598-612. (Ref. 9032)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9068&amp;speccode=12909'>Pequeño, G.0 Peces de Chile. Lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Rev. Biol. Mar., Valparaiso 24(2):1-132. (Ref. 9068)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=10611&amp;speccode=12909'>Fuentes, H., E. Antonietti and P. Muck0 Alimentacion de la merluza (&lt;i&gt;Merluccius gayi peruanus&lt;/i&gt;) de la zona de Paita. Memorias del Simposio Internacional de los Recursos Vivos y las Pesquerías en el Pacífico Sudeste Viña del Mar, 9-13 Mayo 1988., Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS), Rev. Pacífico Sur (Número Especial). (Ref. 10611)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=10666&amp;speccode=12909'>Benavides, A.G., J.M. Cancino and F.P. Ojeda0 Ontogenetic changes in gut dimentions and macroalgal digestibility in the marine herbivorous fish, &lt;i&gt;Aplodactylus punctatus&lt;/i&gt;. Functional Ecology 8:46-51. (Ref. 10666)</reference>
	<reference isbn='957-8596-59-6' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=31517&amp;speccode=12909'>Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=31982&amp;speccode=12909'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34634&amp;speccode=12909'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=35508&amp;speccode=12909'>Anonymous0 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). (Ref. 35508)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=38732&amp;speccode=12909'>Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=50847&amp;speccode=12909'>Matamala, N.C.0 Lista de pesces de Chile. webpage 'Peces de Chile: Principales Peces Marinos de Importancia Comercial de la Zona Centro-Sur de Chile. (Ref. 50847)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=52084&amp;speccode=12909'>Biología Marina0 Nomina de especies comerciales de Chile. Biología Marina website, August 2004. (Ref. 52084)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=53696&amp;speccode=12909'>Medina, M., M. Araya and C. Vega0 Alimentación y relaciones tróficas de peces costeros de la zona norte de Chile. Invest. Mar. 32(1):33-47. (Ref. 53696)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57879&amp;speccode=12909'>Chinese Academy of Fishery Science (CAFS)0 Database of genetic resources of aquatic organisms in China (as of January 2007). Chinese Academy of Fishery Science. (Ref. 57879)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58108&amp;speccode=12909'>Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=86913&amp;speccode=12909'>Russell, B.C.0 Review of the southern temperate fish family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes). J. Nat. Hist. 34(1):2157-2171. (Ref. 86913)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=87040&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2011. (Ref. 87040)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=90062&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=95632&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=95867&amp;speccode=12909'>Pérez-Matus, A., S.A. Carrasco and A. Ospina-Alvarez0 Length-weight relationships for 25 kelp forest-associated fishes of northern and central Chile. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 49(1):141-145. (Ref. 95867)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=101110&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=115257&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=118272&amp;speccode=12909'>FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=137577&amp;speccode=12909'>Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577)</reference><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-GeneralDescr-12909</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Susan M. Luna</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1995-03-20 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2014-06-23 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Biology</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
	<license>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</license>
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	<dcterms:rightsHolder>WorldFish Center - FishBase</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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	<audience>General public</audience>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=12909</dc:source>
	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats</subject>
	<dc:description>This species is most abundant littoral species on the coast of central Chile, found in close association with the brown kelp Lessonia trabeculata.  Juveniles found in tidepools to a maximum size of 15.7 cm TL and an estimated 3 years of age, adults occur subtidally.  It is mainly herbivorous, feeding almost exclusively on brown, red and green algae, with a strong preference for green and red algae (digestion by acid hydrolysis).  Its meat reported as an excellent pan-fish, with rich, white, sweet, and flaky meat (Ref. 86913).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=86913&amp;speccode=12909'>Russell, B.C. 2000 Review of the southern temperate fish family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes). J. Nat. Hist. 34(1):2157-2171. (Ref. 86913)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Morphology-12909</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Crispina B. Binohlan</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1997-01-29 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2013-08-21 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<subject>http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat</subject>
	<dc:description>Dorsal spines (total): 16 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 18 - 21;  Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 6 - 9; Vertebrae: 34 - 35</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=86913&amp;speccode=12909'>Russell, B.C. 2000 Review of the southern temperate fish family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes). J. Nat. Hist. 34(1):2157-2171. (Ref. 86913)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Southeast Pacific: reported from the warm temperate waters of the west coast of South America; from Callao, Peru (12° 02'S) to Talcahuano, Chile (36°41'S).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=86913&amp;speccode=12909'>Russell, B.C. 2000 Review of the southern temperate fish family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes). J. Nat. Hist. 34(1):2157-2171. (Ref. 86913)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:title>Importance</dc:title>
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	<dc:description>43.7 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 95867)); max. published weight: 862 g (Ref. 53696)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=95867&amp;speccode=12909'>Pérez-Matus, A., S.A. Carrasco and A. Ospina-Alvarez 2014 Length-weight relationships for 25 kelp forest-associated fishes of northern and central Chile. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 49(1):141-145. (Ref. 95867)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=53696&amp;speccode=12909'>Medina, M., M. Araya and C. Vega 2004 Alimentación y relaciones tróficas de peces costeros de la zona norte de Chile. Invest. Mar. 32(1):33-47. (Ref. 53696)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073'>IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
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	<dc:description>demersal; marine</dc:description>
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