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Lima (Peru): Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), 42 p. (Ref. 130539) FB-pic-13273-4575 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-06-05 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Totre_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Totre_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2018-08-20 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Lives on the continental shelf, usually in very shallow waters. Feeds on invertebrates and benthic fishes. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Maturity size of males usually at ca. 40 cm TL (Ref. 114953). The electric organs can produce a discharge of about 45 volts, depending on the size of the animal. The discharge is used to stun prey and as defense against predators. McEachran, J.D. 1995 Torpedinidae. Tembladeras, tremolinas. p. 784-785. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9264) FB-Distribution-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2024-01-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Eastern Pacific: From Costa Rica to Chile, and Galapagos Is. (Ref. 130539). McEachran, J.D. 1995 Torpedinidae. Tembladeras, tremolinas. p. 784-785. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9264) FB-Uses-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2018-08-20 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses fisheries: of no interest McEachran, J.D. 1995 Torpedinidae. Tembladeras, tremolinas. p. 784-785. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9264) FB-LifeCycle-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2018-08-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=13273&StockCode=13572 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2001-01-12 00:00:00 2001-01-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public tremens http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Lives on the continental shelf, usually in very shallow waters. Feeds on invertebrates and benthic fishes. McEachran, J.D. 1995 Torpedinidae. Tembladeras, tremolinas. p. 784-785. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9264) FB-Size-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2018-08-20 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 90.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 114953)) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-13273 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1995-06-03 00:00:00 2018-08-20 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=13273 demersal; marine; depth range 0 - 700 m (Ref. 106604) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604)