FB-1343 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1343 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Gadiformes Gadidae Pollachius Pollachius virens (Linnaeus, 1758) Gullflyndre Rødspette Gladzica gładzica Solha Lleden goch Rødspætte Goldbutt Scholle Schullen European plaice Flatfish Fluke Hen fish Plaice Plaice-fluke Atlandi merilest merilest Reyðsprøka Punakampela Carrelet Plie Plie commune Plie d'Europe Liehbage spottagh פוטית אירופאית Iverak zlatopjeg Skarkoli Passera Passera di mare Platessa Solla jūras zeltplekste baltijos plekšnė Morskaja kambala Morskaya kambala Камбала морская морская камбала Iverak Beggar fluke Dutch plaice Ivy leaves Plash fluke Plashach Splash of Splash fluke Splashack Rödspätta Rödspotta Skålla Spätta Benekli pisi balığı Beneklipisi balığı Pisi baligi Камбала атлантична Камбала Плейс Solla Solla europa Solla europea An leathóg bhallach Fasi Atlantikou Glossá-chomatída Glossáki-chomatida Leàbag Leathóg Morska plošča Morska plošèa Palaia anglesa Schol Φασί Aτλαντικού 扁海鰈 扁海鲽 鰈 鲽 Platessa latus Cuvier, 1829 Platessa platessa (Linnaeus, 1758) Platessa vulgaris Cloquet, 1826 Platichthys platessa (Linnaeus, 1758) Pleuronectes borealis Faber, 1828 Pleuronectes latus (Cuvier, 1829) Pleuronectes platessa baltica Nilsson, 1855 Pleuronectes platessus Linnaeus, 1758 1990-10-17 2007-08-03 Russell, F.S.0 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. 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(Ref. 122956) Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe0 Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998) Johannesen, E., H.L. Mork, K. Korsbrekke, R. Wienerroither, E. Eriksen, M. Fossheim, T. de Lange Wenneck, A. Dolgov, T. Prokhorova and D. Prozorkevich0 Arctic fishes in the Barents Sea 2004-2015: changes in abundance and distribution. IMR/PINRO Joint Report Series 1:50p. (Ref. 123022) Andreasen, H., S.D. Ross, U. Siebert, N.G. Andersen, K. Ronnenberg and A. Gilles0 Diet composition and food consumption rate of harbor porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>) in the western Baltic Sea. Marine Mammal Science 33(4):1053-1079. (Ref. 123607) Wiedmann, M.A., R. Primicerio, A. Dolgov, C.A.M. Ottesen and M. Aschan0 Life history variation in Barents sea fishing: implications for sensitivity to fishing in a changing environmnt. Ecol. Evol. 4(18):3596-3611. (Ref. 124126) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) Martins, R. and M. Carneiro0 Manual de identificação de peixes ósseos da costa continental portuguesa. Principais características diagnosticantes. IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisboa:1-204. (Ref. 128458) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Froese, R. and V.A. Parducho0 Global stocks spreadsheet as of December 9, 2022. Excel file from V.A. Parducho, pers. comm. (Ref. 128993) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Petit-Marty, N., M. Vázquez-Luis and I.E. Hendriks0 Use of the nucleotide diversity in COI mitochondrial gene as an early diagnostic of conservation status of animal species. Conserv. Lett. 14(1):1-7. (Ref. 138103) FB-pic-1342-10495 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plpla_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Plpla_u0.gif FB-pic-1342-19109 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1999-02-14 1999-03-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plpla_u7.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Plpla_u7.gif FB-pic-1342-27210 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Thorke A.S. Østergaard 2000-07-26 2000-07-26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Plpla_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Plpla_u2.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Adults live on mixed bottoms, the older the deeper the occurrence; small individuals are usually seen on bathing beaches (Ref. 9988). Occurs on mud and sand bottom from a few meters down to about 100 m, at sea, estuaries and rarely entering freshwaters (Ref. 59043). Reported as resident intertidal species with homing behavior (Ref. 32612). Feed mainly on thin-shelled mollusks and polychaetes. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). The most important flatfish for fisheries in Europe. Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Active at night in the very shallow water while day time is spent buried in the sand. Stationary for long periods, tagging experiments have shown that their spawning migrations can be long. Changes in the environmental conditions have been disadvantageous. Populations in Kattegat and Danish belts decreased in 1980's and early 1990's due to discharge of nutritive salts. Wadden sea is still an excellent nursery ground (Ref.35388). Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe 2018 Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1993-05-25 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Smooth with small scales. Bony ridge behind the eyes. Upper side brown or greenish brown with irregularly distributed bright red or orange spots. The underside is white. Lateral line straight, slightly curved above pectoral fin. Dorsal fin reaching eye. More than 30 vertebrae. Stresemann, E. 1974 Exkursionsfauna für die Gebiete der DDR und der BRD. Band 3, Wirbeltiere. Volk und Wissen, Volkseigener Verlag, Berlin. 370 p. (Ref. 3137) FB-Morphology-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1993-05-25 00:00:00 2012-12-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 65 - 79; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 48 - 59 Stresemann, E. 1974 Exkursionsfauna für die Gebiete der DDR und der BRD. Band 3, Wirbeltiere. Volk und Wissen, Volkseigener Verlag, Berlin. 370 p. (Ref. 3137) FB-Distribution-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 Northern Sea. Reports from the Mediterranean Sea appear to be misidentifications of P. flesus. It may have been present in some areas of the Mediterranean in the past, as a result of climatic changes related to the ice age, but at present times seem to be absent (Ref. 89040). Lleonart, J. and H. Farrugio 2012 <i>Pleuronectes platessa</i>, a ghost fish in the Mediterranean Sea? Scientia Marina 76(1):141-147. (Ref. 89040) FB-Uses-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537) Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988) Kinzer, J. 1983 Aquarium Kiel: Beschreibungen zur Biologie der ausgestellten Tierarten. Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel. pag. var. (Ref. 12253) FB-Migration-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1342&StockCode=1360 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Adult spawn when the temperature is around 6 °C (Ref. 4705). Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) FB-TrophicStrategy-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-10-15 00:00:00 2007-05-09 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public platessa http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Lives on mixed bottoms, the older the deeper the occurrence. Small individuals are usually seen on bathing beaches (Ref. 9988). Reported to be a resident intertidal species with homing behavior (Ref. 32612). Feeds mainly on thin-shelled mollusks and polychaetes. Mollusks are the most common items in the diet, but they also catch bottom- dwelling fishes. The most important flatfish for fisheries in Europe. Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) FB-Size-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 100.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4705)); max. published weight: 7,000 g (Ref. 173); max. reported age: 50 years (Ref. 173) Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705) Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström 1974 Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173) Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström 1974 Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-1342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2022-05-23 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1342 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 50 m (Ref. 35388) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)