FB-1432 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1432 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Oreochromis Oreochromis shiranus Boulenger, 1897 Binage Carp Graham's tilapia Singida tilapia Pronssitilapia Ngege Perege Sasala Sato Satu Anagu Dwela Mnage Mnege Ngege Nsalia Osamo 美味口孵非鯽美味口孵非鲫 Sarotherodon esculentus (Graham, 1928) Tilapia eduardiana (non Boulenger, 1912) Tilapia esculenta Graham, 1928 Tilapia galilaea (non Linnaeus, 1758) Tilapia variabilis (non Boulenger, 1906) 1990-10-17 2018-11-22 Trewavas, E.0 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) Philippart, J.-C. and J.-C. Ruwet0 Ecology and distribution of tilapias. p. 15-60. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 3) Wohlfarth, G.W. and G. Hulata0 Applied genetics of tilapias. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 6 (2nd edition), 26 p. (Ref. 21) Guerrero, R.D. III0 Control of tilapia reproduction. p. 309-316. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. 432 p. (Ref. 84) Lowe-McConnell, R.H.0 Tilapias in fish communities. p. 83-113. In R.S.V. Pullin and R. H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. 432 p. (Ref. 87) Pauly, D., J. Moreau and M. Prein0 A comparison of overall growth performance of tilapia in open waters and aquaculture. p. 469-479. In R.S.V. Pullin, T. Bhukaswan, K. Tonguthai and J.L. Maclean (eds.) The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 15. (Ref. 102) Moreau, J., C. Bambino and D. Pauly0 Indices of overall growth performance of 100 tilapia (Cichlidae) populations. p. 201-206. In J.L. Maclean, L.B. Dizon and L.V. Hosillos (eds.) The First Asian Fisheries Forum. 727 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. (Ref. 115) Noakes, D.G.L. and E.K. Balon0 Life histories of tilapias: an evolutionary perspective. p. 61-82. In R.S.V. Pullin and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. (Ref. 164) Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Pauly, D.0 A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200. (Ref. 312) Payne, A.I.0 An experiment on the culture of Tilapia esculenta (Graham) and Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in fish ponds. J. Fish Biol. 3(3):325-340. (Ref. 324) Cridland, C.C.0 Laboratory experiments on the growth of Tilapia spp. The reproduction of Tilapia esculenta under artificial conditions. Hydrobiologia 18(3):177-184. (Ref. 344) De Kimpe, P.0 Contribution à l'étude hydrobiologique du Luapula-Moero. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sér. in-8°, Sci. Zool., 128:238 p. 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(Ref. 55055) Pellegrin, J.0 Mission scientifique de Ch. Allaud en Afrique orientale (Juin 1903 - Mai 1904). Poissons. II. Systématique. Mém. Soc. Zool. France 17(3-4):174-185. (Ref. 55057) Lowe, R.H.0 New species of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae) from Lake Jipe and the Pangani River, East Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 2(12):347-368. (Ref. 55060) Schofield, P.J. and L.J. Chapman0 Interactions between Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and other fishes in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Environ. Biol. Fishes 55:343-358. (Ref. 56070) Lowe, R.H.0 Species of Tilapia in East African dams, with a key for their identification. E. Afr. Agricult. J. 20(4):256-262. (Ref. 56136) Lowe, R.H.0 Observations on the diagnosis and biology of Tilapia leucosticta Trewavas in East Africa. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 55(3-4):353-373. (Ref. 56137) Gaemers, P.A.M.0 Recent progress in cichlid taxonomy based on otoliths, and its significance for the phylogeny of tilapiines and haplochromines (Perciformes, Pisces). Ann. Mus. 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Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner and Benjamin P. Ngatunga, August 2018. 29 p. (Ref. 118638) Nagayi-Kalule, J.F. and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo0 The value of Nabugabo lakes in the conservation of Oreochromis esculentus. pp. 53-61. In Busulwa H., Mafabi, P.G., and Ndawula, L.M. (eds). A Compilation of Scientific Information on Nabugabo Ramsar Site, Uganda. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference held at Nabugabo in January 2001. (Ref. 127806) FB-pic-1431-10180 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1993-07-01 1997-03-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Oresc_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Oresc_u0.gif FB-pic-1431-13916 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1997-03-21 1997-03-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Oresc_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Oresc_j0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Occasionally forms schools (Ref. 2, 363, 36900), mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). Tolerant of low oxygen concentrations, less than 1 ppm, and high levels of carbon dioxide (Ref. 3, 52016). A plankton-feeder using the mucus-trap mechanism combined with the combing action of the pharyngeal teeth (Ref. 2); the species is non-selective, in the sense that all organisms of a size capable of being retained by these means are passed into the stomach, but it is selective in that the schools follow concentrations of diatoms in the lake (Ref. 2). Food consist almost entirely of phytoplankton (Ref. 3, 6316), mainly diatoms (Ref. 4903, 30832, 34291), but also higher plants, insects and their larvae, crustaceans and worms like Tubifex (Ref. 27292); insect larvae and planktonic crustaceans occur less frequently although they may contribute to the diet of young fishes (Ref. 4903, 34291). A maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 363, 4903, 12468, 27292, 34291, 54840, 118638); males make simple nests in shallow water (Ref. 118638). Ecologically, an offshore-living plankton feeder, which complemented the more inshore-living Oreochromis variabilis in the original ecosystem of Lake Victoria; these niches are now filled by the introduced Oreochromis niloticus and O. leucostictus respectively (Ref. 118638). Was a major component of the fisheries catch in Lake Victoria; supports artisanal fisheries in satellite lakes of Lake Victoria and forms a large part of the catch in Lake Rukwa, Nyumba ya Mungu and the central Tanzania lakes (Ref. 118638). Excellent taste, firm meat and suitable for sundrying (Ref. 54860). IUCN conservation status is critically endangered (Ref. 118638). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2018-10-30 16:40:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Diagnosis: A large bodied tilapia with a small rounded head, short snout, forward-facing mouth, deep body, relatively small eye for the body size, and generally lacking any dark stripes or blotches (Ref. 118638). Females and non-territorial males typically pale grey, white ventrally; males are typically darker, especially in the head/dorsal region; breeding males have a reddish-pink head and flank, dark fins with red/pink dorsal margins, and red/pink caudal region (Ref. 118638). In contrast to Oreochromis rukwaensis, mature males of O. esculentus do not show enlarged jaws (Ref. 27292). Oreochromis esculentus differs from O. niloticus as follows: no vertical stripes on the caudal fin; lower numbers of soft dorsal rays and therefore of total dorsal rays; lower modal number of lower gill-rakers; finer teeth in jaws and pharynx; a longer lower pharyngeal bone, 33.0-35.5% length of head; caudal peduncle as long as or, usually, longer than deep; O. niloticus, in common with many other species, is often preserved with three or four midlateral spots and another on the top of the caudal peduncle, a pattern not found in O. esculentus; and male genital papilla opening between a pair of often spongy lobes, vs. papilla conical or with a slight distal notch in O. niloticus (Ref. 2).Description: A somewhat pointed head and snout with a relatively steep forehead and low positioned eyes; the preorbital bone is rather shallow, its depth not exceeding 21% length of head (Ref. 2, 27292). Length/depth ratio of the caudal peduncle 0.9-1.1 (Ref. 34290, 55020). Teeth in 2-3 series in juveniles, 3 at 100-150 mm standard length and 4-5 above 240 mm standard length; outer bicuspid, with an occasional tricuspid in some adults; inner tricuspid; 60-92 in outer series of upper jaw (Ref. 2). Gill-rakers 15-21 on lower part of anterior arch; total number on the arch 18-27; microbranchiospines on outer sides of 2nd, 3rd and 4th arches (Ref. 2, 34290, 54840, 55055). Lower pharyngeal bone in adult longer than wide; length 33.0-35.5% and width 29.0-32.5% length of head; teeth fine and crowded; blade 1.3 to twice median length of dentigerous area (Ref. 2). Scales on cheek usually in 3 rows, occasionally 2; lateral line series with 29-35 scales, upper lateral line with 20-23 scales, lower lateral line with 12-17 scales; between origin of dorsal and lateral line 4-5.5, usually 4.5 or 5; over top of caudal peduncle above lateral line 8 or 9; scales around caudal peduncle 16-18 (Ref. 2, 27292, 34290, 55055). Dorsal fin with XVI-XVIII spines and 10-11 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 10-12 soft rays; dorsal and anal fins posteriorly pointed, but not filamentous; pectoral fin extending beyond origin of anal fin (Ref. 2, 54979). Caudal truncate, often rounded by wear in adult, not densely scaled, but in large specimens small scales may extend on the rays nearly to the margin and are rather dense on the upper and lower rays (Ref. 2). Vertebrae 30-31 (Ref. 2). Genital papilla of male not prolonged, but may be bluntly bifid and have a number of short lobes of a spongy texture (Ref. 2). There is no genital tassel in this species (Ref. 363, 27292). Otoliths fairly smooth (Ref. 56279).Colouration: General colour of female and non-breeding male olive-brown to watery green, grading to cream or silvery white below; soft vertical fins usually with round white spots; young with a clear-ringed, conspicuous tilapia-mark, which may still be detected up to 170 mm standard length, although then not ringed (Ref. 2, 56136). The tilapia-mark is a well-defined black spot outlined in pale yellow (Ref. 4903, 34290, 55020). Bars are rarely present except in individuals from 1.3 to 2.0 cm length, where 4-5 broad diffuse bars may be present, occasionally these take the form of horizontal blotches on the flanks (Ref. 55020). Breeding male colours predominantly black and red, the black involving the whole ventral surface from mouth to anus, the pelvics and the anterior part of the anal fin, as well as the dorsal fin; in contrast to Oreochromis variabilis the dorsal fin typically has no bright red or orange border, although in a few specimens the posterior lappets and the upper edge of the soft dorsal are white as preserved, sometimes dark crimson lappets (Ref. 2, 363, 4903). The white or greenish white spots on dorsal and caudal may be intensified in the male; the sides of head and body above the black area are crimson and elsewhere the scales are grey with pinkish-fawn edge; the pectorals are clear and slightly pink (Ref. 2, 363). The tail is of a plain colour: no vertical stripes on the caudal fin (Ref. 2, 36900). On death the colours fade rapidly but the general black of the ventral surface, pelvics and anal, and the red sides to the head and body and red lappets of the dorsal fin remain; the sides are often dark red with greenish-white spots (Ref. 363). Preserved specimens: olive grey, darker dorsally, whitish ventrally; head dark; opercular spot clearly visible; dorsal, anal and caudal fin greyish (Ref. 54979). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2018-10-30 16:40:25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Dorsal spines (total): 16 - 18; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 11; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 10 - 12; Vertebrae: 30 - 31 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2023-10-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Africa: Lake Victoria, Lake Nabugabo, Lakes Kyoga and Kwania, the Victoria Nile above the Murchison Falls, Malawa River and Lake Gangu (Ref. 5166, 34290) in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya (Ref. 3); but now extirpated from the main lake body and the only natural remaining populations are those of satellite lakes (Ref. 118638). The species has been introduced into dams of the Lake Victoria catchment, as well as the Pangani catchment, Zigi River, Malagarazi River, Lake Rukwa, Wami River and the central Tanzania lakes surrounding Dodoma and Tabora (Ref. 118630, 118638). Introductions in the Akagera lakes in Rwanda (Ref. 1739, 54979) seem to have been based on erroneous tilapia identifications (Ref. 46152). Shechonge, A., B.P. Ngatunga, S.J. Bradbeer, J.J. Day, J.J. Freer, A.G.P. Ford, J. Kihedu, T. Richmond, S. Mzighani, A.M. Smith, E.A. Sweke, R. Tamatamah, A.M. Tyers, G.F. Turner and M.J. Genner 2018 Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction. Hydrobiologia (2018). (Ref. 118630) FB-Uses-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental Eccles, D.H. 1992 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Rome. 145 p. (Ref. 4967) FB-LifeCycle-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1431&StockCode=1486 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Reproduction probably triggered by the rains (Ref. 2771), with the time of maximum spawning activity coinciding with the wettest months of the year (Ref. 363). Males form a crater-like spawning nest without a distinct wall (Ref. 27292). The pit is about 30cm in diameter and 10cm deep, and is probably made in the early morning (Ref. 27292). Ovaries show that a female may have a succession of three or more broods in a spawning period; brooding females often shelter in weed beds and swampy places (Ref. 2, 363). Males defend their breeding territory (Ref. 2) for weeks or on and off for several months, while females only make short visits to the spawning grounds and leave the territory immediately after spawning (Ref. 363). Males eat little while actively guarding the nest (Ref. 363). Papyrus swamp channels (Ref. 363, 34921, 55020) and beaches with weed grown swamps (Ref. 34921) function as nursery areas. Young become independent at a length of about 1.5cm (Ref. 2, 363)by which size the yolk sac is occluded and they have strated to feed (Ref. 363), and at about 12cm TL they move from the nursery areas to the open water (Ref. 2). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-TrophicStrategy-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2018-10-31 22:34:06 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public esculentus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Most abundant at less than 13 m in Lake Victoria (Ref. 3), in sheltered gulfs and bays (Ref. 363, 2771, 4903) where the lake bottom is composed of soft (algaceous) mud (Ref. 363, 2771, 4903, 52061, 55020). Occasionally forms schools (Ref. 2, 363, 36900), mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). Tolerant of low oxygen concentrations, less than 1 ppm, and high levels of carbon dioxide (Ref. 3, 52016). A plankton-feeder using the mucus-trap mechanism combined with the combing action of the pharyngeal teeth (Ref. 2); the species is non-selective, in the sense that all organisms of a size capable of being retained by these means are passed into the stomach, but it is selective in that the schools follow concentrations of diatoms in the lake (Ref. 2). Food consist almost entirely of phytoplankton (Ref. 3, 6316), mainly diatoms (Ref. 4903, 30832, 34291), but also higher plants, insects and their larvae, crustaceans and worms like Tubifex (Ref. 27292); insect larvae and planktonic crustaceans occur less frequently although they may contribute to the diet of young fishes (Ref. 4903, 34291). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Size-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 50.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 2)); max. published weight: 2,500 g (Ref. 2); max. reported age: 10 years (Ref. 2) Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1431-310 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-12-22 00:00:00 2005-01-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1431&StockCode=1486 Acanthogyrus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Khalil, L.F. and J.P. Thurston 1973 Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of Uganda including the descriptions of two new species of digeneans. Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 87(2):209-248. (Ref. 52494) FB-Diseases-1431-401 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-09-12 00:00:00 2005-09-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1431&StockCode=1486 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Alitropus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Baker, J.R. 1960 Trypanosomes and dactylosomes from the blood of fresh-water fish in East-Africa. Parasitology 50:515-526. (Ref. 52501) FB-Diseases-1431-1550 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2005-09-12 00:00:00 2005-09-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1431&StockCode=1486 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dactylosoma Infection 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Baker, J.R. 1960 Trypanosomes and dactylosomes from the blood of fresh-water fish in East-Africa. Parasitology 50:515-526. (Ref. 52501) FB-Habitat-1431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1431 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat benthopelagic; freshwater; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 34291), usually ? - 20 m (Ref. 34290) Witte, F. and W. de Winter 1995 Appendix II. Biology of the major fish species of Lake Victoria. p. 301-320. In F. Witte and W.L.T. Van Densen (eds.) Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria. A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed, Great Britain. (Ref. 34291) van Oijen, M.J.P. 1995 Appendix I. Key to Lake Victoria fishes other than haplochromine cichlids. p. 209-300. In F. Witte and W.L.T. van Densen (eds.) Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria. A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed, Great Britain. (Ref. 34290)