FB-1537 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1537 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Clupeiformes Dorosomatidae Pellonula Pellonula vorax Günther, 1868 Espadilha-da-Guiné إسبرط صغير غيني Pelonula sierraleonská Småtandet pellonula-sild Guinean sprat Muffin sprat Sardine Smalltoothed pellonula Guinea pellonula Totivi Nzombimbi Spratelle de Guinée Taga rana Waranga Worongi Ntita Salanpore Sardinita guineana Banabanagi Isoun Osendjélè 小齒寬頜鯡 小齿宽颌鲱 米氏宽颌鲱 米氏寬頜鯡 諾曼小棱鯡 诺曼小棱鲱 Microthrissa afzeliusi (Johnels, 1954) Microthrissa miri Daget, 1954 Microthrissa normanae Whitehead, 1986 Microthrissa normani Whitehead, 1986 Microthrissa sp. Not applicable Pellonula afseliusi Johnels, 1954 Pellonula afzelinsi Johnels, 1954 Pellonula afzeliusi Johnels, 1954 Pellonula afzeliusi miri (Daget, 1954) Pellonula afzeliuzi Johnels, 1954 Pellonula azeliusi Johnels, 1954 Pellonula miri (Daget, 1954) Pelonula afzeliusi Johnels, 1954 Pelonula leonensis Boulenger, 1916 1990-10-17 2024-01-22 Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter0 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Whitehead, P.J.P.0 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and K. 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Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Pezold, F., R.C. Schmidt and M.L.J. Stiassny0 A survey of fishes of the Geebo-Dugbe River confluence, Sinoe County, Liberia, with an emphasis on tributary creeks. aqua, International J. Ichthyol. 22(3):97-122. (Ref. 138031) Corush, J.B.0 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-pic-1536-11366 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-26 1999-02-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Peleo_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Peleo_u2.gif FB-pic-1536-11358 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-26 2010-08-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Peleo_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Peleo_u0.gif FB-pic-1536-11359 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-26 1996-06-26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Peleo_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Peleo_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Adults are found chiefly in rivers and streams, also man-made and natural lakes (Ref. 188); also in estuaries and lagoons (Ref. 188, 2683). Apparently able to tolerate moderate or even quite high salinities (Ref. 188). They form enormous shoals in both inshore and offshore regions of Lake Kainji (Ref. 3034). Adults feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, but also ostracods and entomostracans; stomachs containing clupeid fish scales may represent cannibalism (Ref. 188). Reproduction occurs in rivers and lakes, and may be also in estuaries and coastal lagoons (Ref. 2683). Mature individuals breed from July to September in Lake Volta (Ref. 188). Gourène, G. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Révision du genre <i>Pellonula</i> des eaux douces africaines (Pisces: Clupeidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(3):213-225. (Ref. 2244) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-10-23 19:48:18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Diagnosis: Body slender to moderately deep, its depth 17-30% of standard length; scutes beginning behind base of first pectoral finray, with 8-15 pre-pelvic and 6-10 post-pelvic scutes, and a total of 17-23 scutes, first pre-pelvic scute as long as following scutes lacking ascending arms; lower jaw very slightly projecting, teeth at symphysis only slightly enlarged; pre-maxillary teeth small and inward pointing, only the tips usually apparent, no strongly marked indentation at centre of jaw; lower gillrakers 20-35, equal to or longer than corresponding gill filaments; silver stripe along flank (Ref. 188, 2244, 81269, 81631). It resembles Pellonula vorax, which has larger and straighter teeth, often pointing forward, and scutes before pectoral fin bases (Ref. 188, 2244, 81269, 81631). The absence of large canine teeth in upper jaw distinguishes it from Odaxothrissa; Microthrissa species are deep-bodied and have a much more slender maxilla compared to Pellonula leonensis (Ref. 188).Description: Body slender to moderately deep, depth 17-30% of standard length (Ref. 188, 2244). Caudal peduncle 1.3 times as long as deep (Ref. 1880). Head length about 28% of standard length (Ref. 2244). Lower jaw very slightly projecting, but not prominent; pre-maxillary teeth relatively fine, curved inward, only the tips usually apparent (Ref. 188, 1880, 2849, 81269, 81631). A group of teeth on each side of the palatinum; 1-3 rows of teeth on the tongue; conical teeth relatively well developed on the dentary and pre-maxillary; pre-maxillary teeth are directed towards the inside of the mouth; width and length of supra-maxillary respectively 14.3-21.9% and 52.6-67.0% of maxillary length, whose base bears 13-38 small conical teeth (Ref. 2244). First gill arch with 29-52 gill rakers, of which 20-35 on the lower limb and 9-11 on the upper limb, generally longer than the corresponding filaments on the first gill arch (Ref. 1989, 2244, 2756, 2849, 81269, 81631). Dorsal fin with 13-19 rays, the first dorsal-fin ray slightly in front or behind the insertion of the pelvic fin; anal fin with 16-22 rays; pectoral fin with 11-16 rays; pelvic fin with 7-8 rays; length of pectoral fin about half of the pectoral-pelvic fin distance; caudal fin deeply forked, with pointed lobes, and 19-20 rays (Ref. 1880, 2244, 2849, 3069, 81269, 81631, 120917). Cycloid scales; 36-45 scales on longitudinal line; 9-12 in transverse series (Ref. 367, 1880, 2241, 2756, 3069). First pre-pelvic scute of identical size to the following ones, lacking ascending arms and located behind the origin of the pectoral fins; 8-15 pre-pelvic scutes and 6-10 post-pelvic scutes (Ref. 2244, 2849, 81269, 81631, 120917). A total of 39-44 vertebrae; with 19-24 abdominal vertebrae, 17-21 caudal vertebrae and 10-12 predorsal bones (Ref. 1989, 2244, 2756).Colouration: Preserved specimens are very similar in colour to Pellonula vorax (Ref. 2849, 81269, 81631): variable ground colour from yellow-brown to yellow-gray; operculum, ventral region and flanks usually lighter (Ref. 2244). Silver stripe along flank (Ref. 188, 1880). Gourène, G. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Révision du genre <i>Pellonula</i> des eaux douces africaines (Pisces: Clupeidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(3):213-225. (Ref. 2244) FB-Morphology-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-10-23 19:48:18 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 19; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 16 - 22; Vertebrae: 39 - 44 Gourène, G. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Révision du genre <i>Pellonula</i> des eaux douces africaines (Pisces: Clupeidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(3):213-225. (Ref. 2244) FB-Distribution-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-10-23 15:59:58 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Africa: freshwater rivers of West Africa (Ref. 188, 2244), in lagoons, lakes, lower and upper courses of rivers from Senegal to Cross River (Ref. 81269), including upper reaches of Niger and lower parts of Benue River (Ref. 188); and lagoons and lower and middle courses of coastal rivers from Cameroon to Democratic Republic of Congo (Ref. 2244, 81631). Reported from the Léfini River (Ref. 88782), but apparently not in upper parts of Congo system (Ref. 188). Also reported from Atlantic Ocean, including beaches at Hann near Dakar in Senegal and near Pointe Noire in Congo Republic (Ref. 188). Gourène, G. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Révision du genre <i>Pellonula</i> des eaux douces africaines (Pisces: Clupeidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 2(3):213-225. (Ref. 2244) FB-Uses-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: minor commercial; bait: occasionally; price category: low; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) FB-Migration-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280) FB-LifeCycle-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1536&StockCode=1729 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Reproduction occurs in rivers and lakes, and may be also in estuaries and coastal lagoons (Ref. 2683). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-TrophicStrategy-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2019-09-19 16:22:30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public leonensis http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Found chiefly in rivers and streams, also man-made and natural lakes (Ref. 188); also in estuaries and lagoons (Ref. 188, 2683). Apparently able to tolerate moderate or even quite high salinities (Ref. 188). It forms enormous shoals in both inshore and offshore regions of Lake Kainji (Ref. 3034). It feeds on terrestrial and aquatic insects, but also ostracods and entomostracans; stomachs containing clupeid fish scales may represent cannibalism (Ref. 188). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Size-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration 12.1 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 1989)); max. published weight: 13.5 g (Ref. 2247) Daget, J. and A. Iltis 1965 Poissons de Côte d'Ivoire (eaux douces et saumâtres). Mém. I.F.A.N. 74:385 p. (Ref. 1989) Reynolds, J.D. 1970 Biology of the small pelagic fishes in the new Volta lake in Ghana. Part I: the lake and the fish: feeding habits. Hydrobiologia 35:568-603. (Ref. 2247) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-1536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-11-21 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1536 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats pelagic; anadromous (Ref. 138280); freshwater; brackish; marine Corush, J.B. 2019 Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater. BMC Evol. Biol. 19(168):13 p. (Ref. 138280)