FB-1557 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1557 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Clupeiformes Ehiravidae Sauvagella Sauvagella madagascariensis (Sauvage, 1883) Szprocik malgaski Rivier-rondeharing Witaas Herink jihoafrický Gilchrists rundsild Estuarine round-herring Gilchrist's round herring Whitebait Estuaariheeringas 南非吉氏鯡 南非吉氏鲱 Ehirava madagascariensis (non Sauvage, 1883) Gilchristella aestuarius (Gilchrist, 1913) Pellonulops madagascariensis (non Sauvage, 1883) Spratelloides aestuarius Gilchrist, 1913 Stolephorus aestuarius (Gilchrist, 1913) 1990-10-17 2024-01-22 Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter0 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Whitehead, P.J.P.0 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) Fowler, H.W.0 South African fishes received from Mr. H.W. Bell-Marley in 1935. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 87:361-408. (Ref. 615) Bruton, M.N.0 The fishes of Lake Sibaya. p. 162-245. In B.R. Allanson (ed.) Lake Sibaya. Monographiae Biologicae 36. Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, Hague. (Ref. 1666) Smith, J.L.B.0 The sea fishes of southern Africa. Central News Agency Ltd., Cape Town. 550 p. (Ref. 1953) Thurston, R.V. and P.C. Gehrke0 Respiratory oxygen requirements of fishes: description of OXYREF, a data file based on test results reported in the published literature. p. 95-108. In R.C. Russo & R.V. Thurston (eds.) Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Management. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Sacramento, California, USA, September 18-19, 1990. US Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/R-93/157. (Ref. 2120) Talbot, M.M.J.-F. and D. Baird0 Oxygen consumption of the estuarine round herring <i>Gilchristella aestuaris</i> (Gilchrist & Thompson). S. Afr. J. Zool. 20:1-4. (Ref. 2637) Whitehead, P.J.P. and T. Wongratana0 Clupeidae. p. 199-204. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3259) Poll, M., G.G. Teugels and P.J.P. Whitehead0 Clupeidae. p. 41-55. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3509) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Eccles, D.H.0 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Rome. 145 p. (Ref. 4967) Bruton, M.N., P.B.N. Jackson and P.H. Skelton0 Pocket guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Centaur Publishers, p.88. (Ref. 5214) Smith, J.L.B.0 Fishes of Inhaca. p. 131-136. In W. Macnae and M. Kalk (eds.) A natural history of Inhaca Island, Moçambique. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg. (Ref. 5285) Wallace, J.H.0 The estuarine fishes of the east coast of South Africa. III. Reproduction. Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst. 41:1-51. (Ref. 6190) Grabda, E. and T. Heese0 Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Poland. 171 p. (in Polish). 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(Ref. 32693) Stiassny, M.L.J.0 Revision of <i>Sauvagella</i> Bertin (Clupeidae; Pellonulinae; Ehiravini) with a description of a new species from the freshwaters of Madagascar and diagnosis of the Ehiravini. Copeia 2002(1):67-76. (Ref. 33664) Day, J.H. and J.R. Grindley0 The estuarine ecosystem and environmental constraints. p. 345-372. In J.H. Day (ed.) Estuarine ecology with particular reference to southern Africa. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town. (Ref. 34361) Whitfield, A.K.0 Life-history styles of fishes in South African estuaries. Environ. Biol. Fishes 28(1-4):295-308. (Ref. 35819) Barnard, K.H.0 A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 21:1-418. (Ref. 36031) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Zimbabwe. National Museum of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 240, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. (Ref. 36653) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Blaber, S.J.M.0 The biology of filter feeding teleosts in Lake St Lucia, Zululand. J. Fish Biol. 15(1):37-59. (Ref. 36761) Harrison, T.D.0 Length-weight relationships of fishes from South African estuaries. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 17(1):46-48. (Ref. 37813) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Marais, J.F.K.0 Feeding ecology of major carnivorous fish from four eastern Cape estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19(3):210-223. (Ref. 43781) Hanel, L. and J. Novák0 České názvy zivočichů V. Ryby a rybovití obratlovci (Pisces) II., nozdratí (Sarcopterygii), paprskoploutví (Actinopterygii) [chrupavčití (Chondrostei), kostnatí (Neopterygii): kostlíni (Semionotiformes) - bezostní (Clupeiformes)]. Národní muzeum (zoologické odděleí), Praha. (Ref. 51054) Riede, K.0 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Skelton, P.H.0 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) Jackson, P.B.N.0 Common and scientific names of the fishes of Southern Africa. Part 2. Freshwater fishes. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. Spec. Publ. 14:179-213. (Ref. 54004) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Whitfield, A.K.0 Biology and ecology of fishes in southern African estuaries. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, South Africa. 223 p. (Ref. 58350) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Bowmaker, A.P., P.B.N. Jackson and R.A. Jubb0 Freshwater fishes. p. 1181-1230. In M.J. Werger and A.C. van Bruggen (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Monographiae Biologicae 31. 1439 pp. (Ref. 80059) Bruton, M.N. and H.M. Kok0 The freshwater fishes of Maputaland. p. 210-244. In M.N. Bruton and K.H. Cooper (eds.), Studies on the ecology of Maputaland. Rhodes University. 560 p. (Ref. 83366) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Crass, R.S.0 Notes on the freshwater fishes of Natal with descriptions of four new species. Ann. Natal Mus. 14(3):405-458. (Ref. 86423) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) Barnard, K.H.0 Revision of the indigenous freshwater fishes of the S.W. Cape region. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 36(2):101-262. (Ref. 93592) Smith, J.L.B.0 Fresh-water fishes of eastern Cape Province. p. 119-141. In J. Hewitt (ed.), A guide to the vertebrate fauna of the eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Part II. Reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fishes. Albany Museum, Grahamstown (South Africa). 141 p. (Ref. 93596) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Fricke, R., J. Mahafina, F. Behivoke, H. Jaonalison, M. Léopold and D. Ponton0 Annotated checklist of the fishes of Madagascar, southwestern Indian Ocean, with 158 new records. FishTaxa 3(1):1-432. (Ref. 117576) Gilchrist, J.D.F.0 Review of the south African Clupeidae (herrings) and allied families of fishes. Mar. Biol. Rep. 1: 46-66. (Ref. 118212) Whitehead, P.J.P.0 A revision of the recent round herrings (Pisces: Dussumieriidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 10(6):307-380. (Ref. 118219) Allanson, B.R., M.N. Bruton and R.C. Hart0 The plants and animals of Lake Sibaya, Kwazulu, South Africa: a checklist. Rev. Zool. Afr. 88(3): 507-532. (Ref. 118223) Wallace, J.H.0 The estuarine fishes of the east coast of South Africa. I. Species composition and length distribution in the estuarine and marine environments. II. Seasonal abundance and migrations. Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. 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(Ref. 118237) Skelton, P.H.0 Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes of the eastern Cape. p. 176-195. In M.N. Bruton and F.W. Gess (eds.) Towards an environmental plan for the eastern Cape. Rhodes University, Grahamstown. 513 p. (Ref. 118239) Cyrus, D.P., E.C. Wellmann and T.J. Martin0 Diet and reproductive activity of the estuarine roundherring <i>Gilchristella aestuaria</i> in Cubhu, a freshwater coastal lake in northern Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 19(1/2):3-13. (Ref. 118240) Haigh, E.H. and A.K. Whitfield0 Larval development of <i>Gilchristella aestuaria</i> (Gilchrist, 1914) (Pisces: Clupeidae) from southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool. 28(4):168-172. (Ref. 118241) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-1556-11382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-27 2010-08-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Giaes_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Giaes_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Occurs in the sea, but found mostly in estuaries; also found in landlocked brackish and freshwater lagoons (Ref. 93596), also rivers and lakes (Ref. 188). Maximum size 10 cm (Ref. 4967). Entire life cycle is completed in the estuary (Ref. 32693). Breeds throughout the year with a peak in spring and early summer (Ref. 7248, 52193). Maturity may be attained within the first or second year and an age of up to 5 or 6 years is recorded (Ref. 7248, 52193). Feeds chiefly on zooplankton by filtering or selecting individual organisms from the water column (Ref. 7248, 52193). It can tolerate salinities under 4 ppt and of up to 52.6 ppt (Ref. 32693). Utilized fresh or dried and salted (Ref. 12484). Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-12-22 22:53:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Diagnosis: Body rather compressed, belly rounded, with 6 to 9 thin unkeeled pre-pelvic scutes followed by an equally thin pelvic scute, all with slender ascending arms; no post-pelvic scutes; snout pointed, lower jaw a little prominent, with a single row of fine teeth in each jaw; posterior supra-maxilla paddle-shaped; gillrakers 39 to 76, gillrakers small but present on posterior face of third epibranchial; pelvic fin with i-7 finrays, under or a little before dorsal fin origin (Ref. 188). Resembles Spratelloides species or juvenile Etrumeus and Dussumieria, but pre-pelvic scutes present; other clupeids occuring in same area have keeled pre-pelvic and post-pelvic scutes (Ref. 188).Description: Body compressed, fusiform; belly rounded; fins short, pectorals low on body, pelvics before dorsal, anal long-based, caudal forked (Ref. 3259; 7248, 52193). Mouth upturned, eyes large (Ref. 7248, 52193). Upper jaw rounded when seen from front (Ref. 188). Lower gillrakers apparently highly variable, 39-76 (Ref. 3259, 118219). Dorsal fin with 3 unbranched and 11-12 branched rays; anal fin with 3 unbranched and 17 branched rays; pectoral fin with 1 unbranched and 10-11 branched rays; pelvic fin with 1 unbranched and 7 branched rays; pelvic fin base in front of dorsal fin base; pelvic fin reaching more than halfway to anus (Ref. 3259, 7248, 52193). Scales light and easily shed, about 40 in longitudinal series; transverse scales 9-10 (Ref. 7248, 52193, 118219). Belly with 6-9 thin scutes before pelvic fin, only visible when belly scales removed and surface dried; no post-pelvic scutes (Ref. 3259).Colouration: Silvery; top and sides of head and body thickly sprinkled with black dots; brilliant silver lateral stripe, on hind part of side; back dark (Ref. 3259, 36031). In alcohol: a uniform light brown with a faint midlateral silvery band; individual bases of dorsal and anal rays black pigmented; two short dark pigment lines at base of anal, one almost horizontal along upper border, the other oblique on lower border (Ref. 118219). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Morphology-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-12-22 22:53:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 15; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 20 Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Distribution-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2020-10-12 16:33:44 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Africa: Lake Piti, Mozambique, along south and east coasts of South Africa to Saldanha Bay (Ref. 188, 3509), and as far north as the Olifants River on the west coast (Ref. 7248), possibly to mouth of Orange River (Ref. 188, 3259). Also reported from Madagascar (Ref. 3509, 13333), but its presence is not confirmed; it is probably based on confusion with Sauvagella madagascariensis, while Gilchristella aestuaria does not occur in Madagascar (Ref. 33664). Reported occurrence in India (Ref. 32693) is of dubious validity (Ref. 33664). Currently a single species, but at least two forms, possibly different species, are known (Ref. 52193). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Uses-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 fisheries: subsistence fisheries; bait: usually Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) FB-Migration-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). FB-LifeCycle-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1556&StockCode=1749 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats A semelparous species that grows to maturity and spawns in one year (Ref. 34361). Blaber, S.J.M. 1997 Fish and fisheries of tropical estuaries. Fish and Fisheries Ser. 22, Chapman and Hall, London. 367 p. (Ref. 32693) FB-TrophicStrategy-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-09-29 00:00:00 2018-07-02 16:46:48 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public aestuaria http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Occurs in the sea, but found mostly in estuaries; also found in landlocked brackish and freshwater lagoons (Ref. 93596), also rivers and lakes (Ref. 188). Entire life cycle is completed in the estuary (Ref. 32693). Feeds chiefly on zooplankton by filtering or selecting individual organisms from the water column (Ref. 7248, 52193). It can tolerate salinities under 4 ppt and of up to 52.6 ppt (Ref. 32693). Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) FB-Size-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 9.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 52193)); max. reported age: 6 years (Ref. 7248) Skelton, P.H. 2001 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town (South Africa): Struik Publishers, 395 p. (Ref. 52193) Skelton, P.H. 1993 A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-1556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1556 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution pelagic-neritic; amphidromous; freshwater; brackish; marine