FB-1581 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1581 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Clupeiformes Alosidae Alosa Alosa maeotica (Grimm, 1901) Shagmahi-e-moohajer Placka kesslerova Sleděc černohřbetý Kesslers stamsild Kaspischer Schwarzrücken Blackback Blacknose Blackspine herring Black-spined herring Caspian anadromous shad Kessleri aloosa Beshenka Chernonosik Chernospinka Poluzalom Veselka Vesselka Volzhskaya Zalom Zheleznitsa залом кесслеровская сельдь полузалом сельдь волжская малотычинковая черноспинка 黑背西鯡 黑背西鲱 Alosa pontica kessleri (Grimm, 1887) Caspialosa caspia kessleri (Grimm, 1887) Caspialosa caspia volgensis (non Berg, 1913) Caspialosa kessleri (Grimm, 1887) Caspialosa kessleri bergi Tanassiychuk, 1940 Caspialosa kessleri kessleri (Grimm, 1887) Caspialosa kessleri volgensis imitans Berg, 1948 Caspialosa volgensis bergi Tanassiychuk, 1940 Caspialosa volgensis imitans Berg, 1948 Clupea alosa (non Linnaeus, 1758) Clupea kessleri Grimm, 1887 Clupea piltschardus (non Walbaum, 1814) Clupea pontica (non Eichwald, 1838) Clupeonella caspia volgensis (non Berg, 1913) Clupeonella kessleri (Grimm, 1887) 1990-10-17 2024-01-22 Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter0 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Whitehead, P.J.P.0 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Berg, L.S.0 Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948). (Ref. 593) Hughes, G.M. and M. Morgan0 The structure of fish gills in relation to their respiratory function. Biol. Revs. 48(3):419-475. (Ref. 2302) Czlowska, R.0 The respiratory surface of gills of <i>Alosa kessleri pontica</i> (Bichwald). Acta Biol. Cracov. Zoo. 8:101-117. (Ref. 2310) Ida, H., N. Oka and K. Hayashigaki0 Karyotypes and cellular DNA contents of three species of the subfamily Clupeinae. Jap. J. Ichthyol. 38(3):289-294. (Ref. 6414) Doucette, A.J. Jr. and J.M. Fitzsimons0 Karyology of elopiform and clupeiform fishes. Copeia 1988(1):124-130. (Ref. 8971) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38. (Ref. 8973) Heckman, C.W.0 <i>Alosa pontica kessleri</i> (Grimm 1887). p. 325-336. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10432) Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)0 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref. 26282) Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva and L.I. Sokolov0 An annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Russia. J. Ichthyol. 37(9):687-736. (Ref. 26334) Vasil'ev, V.P.0 The evolutionary karyology of fishes. (Evoljuzionnaja kariologiya ryb). 300p. Moscow: Nauka. (Ref. 30007) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven0 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften. (Ref. 34370) Bogutskaya, N.G.0 Common names of Russian freshwater fishes. Spreadsheet with cyrillic names made available for inclusion in FishBase. Unpublished. (Ref. 45043) Iranian Fisheries Company and Iranian Fisheries Research Organization0 Fishes of the Caspian Sea (Iranian waters). Poster. Tehran, Iran. (Ref. 47532) Ricker, W.E.0 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. (Ref. 48321) Hanel, L. and J. Novák0 České názvy zivočichů V. Ryby a rybovití obratlovci (Pisces) II., nozdratí (Sarcopterygii), paprskoploutví (Actinopterygii) [chrupavčití (Chondrostei), kostnatí (Neopterygii): kostlíni (Semionotiformes) - bezostní (Clupeiformes)]. Národní muzeum (zoologické odděleí), Praha. (Ref. 51054) Riede, K.0 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Demidova, S.P.0 Age and growth of Caspian anadromous shad - <i>Caspialosa kessleri volgensis</i> (Berg). Trudy VNIRO 18:28-32. (Ref. 56461) Belyaeva, V.N., E.N. Kazancheev and Raspopov V.M.0 The Caspian Sea: Ichthyofauna and commercial resources. Moscow, Nauka, 236 p. (Ref. 56523) Ostroumov, A.A.0 Feeding of Caspian marine shad (Caspialosa brashnikovi (Bor.) and Saposhnikovi shad (Caspialosa saposhnikovi (Grimm) in the northern Caspian Sea. Trudy Volgo-Kaspiiskoi Nauchnoi Rybokhozyaistvennoi Stantsii 9(1):82-94. (Ref. 56562) Matveeva, R.P.0 Feeding of young clupeids in the northern Caspian Sea. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Gidrobiologicheskogo Obshchestva 8:368-386. (Ref. 56597) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Bogutskaya, N.G. and A.M. Naseka0 REGIONAL CHECK-LISTS: Volga River Drainage Area. In Website and Database: "Freshwater Fishes of Russia": A Source of Information on the Current State of the Fauna. Zoological Institute RAS. (Ref. 58297) Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof0 Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Mogilchenko, V.I.0 The Structure of a Spawning Shoal and the Migration Periots of the Migratory Herring <i>Alosa kessleri pontica</i> in the Don River. Hydrobiological Journal 13(5):73-79. (Ref. 75607) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. 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(Ref. 111344) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) Lassalle, G., M. Béguer, L. Baulaton and E. Rochard0 Learning from the past to predict the future: Responses of European diadromous fish to climate change. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 69:175-193. (Ref. 138126) FB-pic-1580-11411 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-06-29 1996-06-29 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Alkes_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Alkes_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 Pelagic at sea, found in a wide variety of habitats. Migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost still water bodies such as river bays and eddies and flood plains, at 4-5 years. Enters rivers with unripe gonads. Some spawn 2-4 seasons with most females dying after spawning. Spawners appear along the coast in March to April, entering rivers April to May when temperature reach about 9°C, peaking at 12-15°C. Duration of spawning originally lasting 30-50 days; it starts in may to August when temperature rises above 15°C and lasts as long as it remains at 15-23°C; it is most intensive between 4-10 p.m. Eggs are bathypelagic. Spent individuals return back to the sea to feed. In autumn, the fish move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to the sea or estuarine during the first summer until maturity (Ref. 59043). Feeds chiefly on small fishes, less frequently on insect larvae and crustaceans (the latter though being the main food for A. kessleri volgensis) (Ref. 10432). Two subspecies known. The flesh of A. k. kessleri is said to be the tastiest of all Caspian clupeids owing to its high fat content, averaging 18.9% by weight before the spawning period, diminishing to about 1.5% after spawning (Ref. 10432). Impoundment of main rivers significantly reduced available spawning sites and migration routes; heavy overfishing may have caused all population decline during the first decades of teh 20th century. Most spawning grounds were upriver of Volga and now are no longer accessible (Ref. 59043). Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 1994-09-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Body fairly elongate, more `herring-like' than `shad-like'. Total gill rakers 59 to 155 (as in A. caspia), thick, coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some, long, thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others (i.e. A. kessleri volgensis). Teeth well developed in both jaws. Other Caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers, except A. caspia which is deep-bodied. Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Morphology-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 1994-09-19 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0 Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Distribution-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Europe: Caspian Sea from where adults ascend Volga (only few fish enter Ural and Terek) to spawn. Earlier reached upriver up to Kama and Oka system. Migration now blocked by Volgograd dam. May have formed land-lock populations in Volga reservoirs. Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof 2007 Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043) FB-Uses-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: commercial Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) FB-Migration-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Lassalle, G., M. Béguer, L. Baulaton and E. Rochard 2009 Learning from the past to predict the future: Responses of European diadromous fish to climate change. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 69:175-193. (Ref. 138126) FB-LifeCycle-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1580&StockCode=1773 Spawns in rivers. Some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta (A. kessleri volgensis), others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream. The young descend in late summer and autumn. Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-TrophicStrategy-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2004-09-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ kessleri Euryhaline, anadromous, northward migration in spring (March/April), but sometimes as early as February or even January), a little distance from the shore. No feeding by A. kessleri kessleri during migration up rivers whereas A. kessleri volgensis feed en route. Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) FB-Size-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 52.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 188)); max. published weight: 1,200 g (Ref. 56523); max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 56523) Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) Belyaeva, V.N., E.N. Kazancheev and Raspopov V.M. 1989 The Caspian Sea: Ichthyofauna and commercial resources. Moscow, Nauka, 236 p. (Ref. 56523) Belyaeva, V.N., E.N. Kazancheev and Raspopov V.M. 1989 The Caspian Sea: Ichthyofauna and commercial resources. Moscow, Nauka, 236 p. (Ref. 56523) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1580-317 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1996-01-23 00:00:00 1996-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1580&StockCode=1773 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Caligus disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Heckman, C.W. 1991 <i>Alosa pontica kessleri</i> (Grimm 1887). p. 325-336. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10432) FB-Diseases-1580-318 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1996-01-23 00:00:00 1996-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1580&StockCode=1773 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Mazocraes disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Heckman, C.W. 1991 <i>Alosa pontica kessleri</i> (Grimm 1887). p. 325-336. In H. Hoestlandt (ed.) The freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 2. Clupeidae, Anguillidae. AULA-Verlag Wiesbaden. (Ref. 10432) FB-Habitat-1580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-21 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1580 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution pelagic-oceanic; anadromous (Ref. 138126); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 85 m (Ref. 188) Lassalle, G., M. Béguer, L. Baulaton and E. Rochard 2009 Learning from the past to predict the future: Responses of European diadromous fish to climate change. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 69:175-193. (Ref. 138126) Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)