FB-17 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=17 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828) Havabbor Itajara zmienna Badejo Camapu Canapu Canapú Canapuguaçu Canapu-guaçu Cunapu-guaçu Garoupa Mero Merete Mero-canapu Mero-canapum Mero-preto Merote Mero-tigre Mirete لُؤز ضخم Havaborre Zackenbarsch Atlantic goliath grouper Black bass Coral cod Esonue grouper Giant grouper Giant seabass Goliath grouper Grouper Guasa Hamlet Itajara Jewfish Itajaara kivikoha Keskameerika kivikoha Meriahven Raitameriahven Mérou Mérou géant Mérou géant de l'Atlantique Têtard Lokos Vartari Cernia gigante Sciarrano Hata Kerapu Kerapu kertang Kertang джуфиш окунь гигантский Bodeljka Kirnja Fläckig judefisk Havsabborre Judefisk Orfoz Ortoz Cherna Cherne Guasa Guato Guaza Mero Mero batata Mero de profundidad Mero gigante del Atlántico Mero grande Mero guasa Mero güasa Mero pintado Mero sapo Atlantska orjaška kirnja Gran morgoe Granmorgoe Graumurg Muluwaimon Rophós Tipa Tobokogbo Vièy 伊氏石斑魚 伊氏石斑鱼 斑点宽额鲈 斑點寬額鱸 Epinephalus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Epinephelus itajarra (Lichtenstein, 1822) Promicrops distalis Roux & Collignon, 1954 Promicrops ditobo Roux & Collignon, 1954 Promicrops esonue Ehrenbaum, 1915 Promicrops itaiara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Promicrops itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Promoicrops itaiara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Serranus galeus Müller & Troschel, 1848 Serranus guasa Poey, 1860 Serranus itajara Lichtenstein, 1822 Serranus mentzelii Valenciennes, 1828 Serranus mentzelli Valenciennes, 1828 1990-10-17 2011-04-07 Thompson, R. and J.L. 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(Ref. 126208) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Harborne, A.0 Fish and coral species lists compiled by Coral Cay Conservation: Belize 1990-1998. Coral Cay Conservation, 26p. (Ref. 128811) Collins, A.B. and L.R. Barbieri0 Behavior, habitat, and abundance of the goliath grouper, <i>Epinephelus itajara</i>, in the Central Eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, 44 p. (Ref. 130241) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-16-5467 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-08-15 2008-08-04 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epita_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epita_u0.gif FB-pic-16-6761 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-12-27 1996-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epita_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epita_j0.gif FB-pic-16-14774 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1997-05-24 1997-05-24 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epita_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epita_u1.gif FB-GeneralDescr-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-09-06 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in shallow, inshore areas. Found on rock, coral, or mud bottoms (Ref. 5217). Juveniles found in mangrove areas and brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217). Large adults may be found in estuaries (Ref. 5217). Adults appear to occupy limited home ranges with little inter-reef movement. Feeds primarily on crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters as well as turtles and fishes, including stingrays. Territorial near its refuge cave or wreck where it may show a threat display with open mouth and quivering body. Larger individuals have been known to stalk and attacks divers. Over-fished, primarily by spear fishing (Ref. 9710). Marketed fresh and salted. Meat is of excellent quality. Important game fish (Ref. 9342). Reported to reach weights of more than 315 kg (Ref. 26938). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-12-13 00:00:00 2013-10-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Distinguished by the following characteristics: brownish yellow, grey or greenish body color; head and dorsal part of body and fins with small black spots; body robust and elongate; body depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in SL; HL 2.3-2.9 in SL; extremely broad head; flat interorbital; rounded preopercle, finely serrate; round nostrils, subequal; maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye; 3-5 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; absence of canines at front jaw (Ref. 89707); further characterized by having opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. Juveniles tawny with irregular vertical bands. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Morphology-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-12-13 00:00:00 2013-10-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 16; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Distribution-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Silvia Opitz 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2023-12-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Western Atlantic: Florida, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo (reported as Epinephelus esonue, Ref. 2739, 6809); rare in Canary Islands (Ref. 6808). Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California to Peru) species refers to Epinephelus quinquefasciatus. Discrete populations of E. itajara exist in the western Atlantic (Ref. 89627). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-09-06 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-TrophicStrategy-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2008-07-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public itajara Occurs in coral reefs, over shallow water. A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in shallow, inshore areas. Found on rock, coral, or mud bottoms (Ref. 5217). Juveniles found in mangrove areas and brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217). Large adults may be found in estuaries (Ref. 5217). Adults appear to occupy limited home ranges with little inter-reef movement. Feeds primarily on crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters as well as turtles and fishes, including stingrays. Territorial near its refuge cave or wreck where it may show a threat display with open mouth and quivering body. Larger individuals have been known to stalk and attempt to eat divers. Over-fished, primarily by spear fishing (Ref. 9710). Randall, J.E. 1967 Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami 5:665-847. (Ref. 33) FB-Size-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-09-06 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 250 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 26550)); max. published weight: 455.0 kg (Ref. 4841); max. reported age: 37 years (Ref. 4841) Anonymous 1994 Atlas pesquero de México. Instituto Nacional de la Pesca. 234 p. (Ref. 26550) Bullock, L.H., M.D. Murphy, M.F. Godcharles and M.E. Mitchell 1992 Age, growth, and reproduction of jewfish <i>Epinephelus itjara</i> in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 90:243-249. (Ref. 4841) Bullock, L.H., M.D. Murphy, M.F. Godcharles and M.E. Mitchell 1992 Age, growth, and reproduction of jewfish <i>Epinephelus itjara</i> in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 90:243-249. (Ref. 4841) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-16-869 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2003-05-02 00:00:00 2003-05-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=16&StockCode=24 Heterotyphlum Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Bunkley-Williams, L. and E.H. Williams Jr. 2002 Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical region. (Book review). Caribb. J. Sci. 38(3-4):289-294. (Ref. 46699) FB-Habitat-16 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Silvia Opitz 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2018-09-06 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=16 reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 100 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 46 m (Ref. 55295) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) Florida Museum of Natural History 2005 Biological profiles: Goliath grouper. Retrieved on 26 August 2005, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GoliathGrouper/GoliathGrouper.html. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History: Education-Biological Profiles. FLMNH, University of Florida. (Ref. 55295)