FB-1733 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1733 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Gadiformes Lotidae Molva Molva macrophthalma (Rafinesque, 1810) Klumpfisk Månefisk Korshid-mahi-e-oghyanoosi Samoglów Bezedor Lua Orelhão Peixe lua Peixe-lua Peixe-roda Rolim Sol Opesee-sonvis Hana Peshkahana Peshku hënë Hout kmar Mola Niffâkha Poisson lune Poisson soleil Samaket el-shams Mula Pesciu tondu Pysgodyn haul Almindelig klumpfisk Klumpfisk Mondfisch Giant sunfish Headfish Mola ocean sunfish Moonfish Ocean sunfish Ocean Sunfish Sunfish Sun-fish Harilik kuukala Mánafiskur Möhkäkala Mole Môle Môle commun Poisson-lune Poisson lune Dag hashemesh Bačva Bucan Bucanj Mih Misec Pešeluna Veliki pešibarila Tunglfiskur Girasole Luna Mola Mola cocciulara Mulacchia Pesce bala Pesce luna Pesce mola Pescio meua Pesciu luna Pesciu meua Pisci luna Pisci mola Manbô 개복치 Raataahuihui Matahari Takabatra Mola Pixxi mola Pixxiluna Pixxitambur Qamar Голова-рыба обыкновенная луна-рыба Bucanj Klumpfisk Ay balığı Pervane Pervane balığı Cá Mặt trăng Mola Peixe lua Pez cabeza Pez luna Pez sol Boloublè Bot Fegaropsaro Fegarópsaro Maanvis Maanvisch Mambo Mbamba Mbamba kubwa Morski mesec Peste luna Προπέλα Φεγγαρόψαρο 曼波(成功) 海虫(澎湖) 翻车鲀 翻車魨 蜇鱼 蜇鲂 Aledon capensis Castelnau, 1861 Aledon storeri Castelnau, 1861 Cephalus brevis Shaw, 1804 Cephalus ortagoriscus Risso, 1827 Cephalus pallasianus Shaw, 1804 Diodon carinatus Mitchill, 1828 Diodon mola Pallas, 1770 Diodon nummularis Walbaum, 1792 Diplanchias nasus Rafinesque, 1810 Mola aculeata Koelreuter, 1766 Mola aspera Nardo, 1827 Mola hispida Nardo, 1827 Mola rotunda Cuvier, 1797 Molacanthus pallasii Swainson, 1839 Orthagoriscus analis Ayres, 1859 Orthragoriscus analis Ayres, 1859 Orthragoriscus blochii Ranzani, 1839 Orthragoriscus elegans Ranzani, 1839 Orthragoriscus fasciatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Orthragoriscus ghini Ranzani, 1839 Orthragoriscus hispidus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Orthragoriscus lunaris Gronow, 1854 Orthragoriscus mola (Linnaeus, 1758) Orthragoriscus redi Ranzani, 1839 Orthragoriscus retzii Ranzani, 1839 Orthragoriscus rondeletii Ranzani, 1839 Orthragus luna Rafinesque, 1810 Ozodura orsini Ranzani, 1839 Pedalion gigas Guilding, 1838 Tetraodon mola Linnaeus, 1758 Trematopsis willugbei Ranzani, 1839 Tympanomium planci Ranzani, 1839 1990-10-22 2024-01-22 Papasissi, C.0 A contribution to the study of the biology of the ichthyoplankton in the Gulf of Kissamos (N.W. 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(Ref. 138310) FB-pic-1732-5264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-08-09 2005-06-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Momol_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Momol_u1.gif FB-pic-1732-10487 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Momol_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Momol_u0.gif FB-pic-1732-12011 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-09-27 2001-11-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Momol_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Momol_u2.gif FB-GeneralDescr-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Molas are distinguished for their distinct morphological characters which include reduced/fused caudal elements, presence of a clavus in place of the caudal fin, absence of a swim bladder and a degenerate, cartilaginous skeleton (Ref. 86435). Adults are found on slopes adjacent to deep water where they come in for shelter and for seeking cleaner fishes. They are usually shy. However, they may become familiar with divers in some locations (Ref. 48637). Individuals often drift at the surface while lying on its side but can swim actively and are capable of directional movements otherwise (Ref. 86435). They swim upright and close to the surface. The dorsal fin often protrudes above the water. Females are larger than males (Ref. 86435). This species has been filmed in 480 m depth with the help of a camera equipped with baits (Lis Maclaren, pers. comm. 2005). Adults eat fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, jellyfish, crustaceans and brittle stars (Ref. 4925, 5951, 48637). A live colony of the cirripede Lepas anatifera were found attached to the anterior portion of the sunfish's esophagus that was stranded in the south coast of Terceira Island, Azores Archipelago in 2004. This association has apparent advantages for the goose barnacles such as a regular intake of food and protection both from hydrodynamic hazards and from predators: but for the sunfish, it is not clear whether it is neutral, of advantage or causes feeding problems since the attachment may obstruct the sunfish's esophagus (Ref. 55063). The sunfish is registered as the heaviest bony fish and as the one with the most eggs in the Guinness Book of World Records (Ref. 6472). Generally this species is not used as food fish; some people consider it as a delicacy (Ref. 30573). The fish can be utilized fresh and can be broiled (Ref. 9988). Some parts of the fish are used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Molas may contain the same toxin as puffers and porcupine fish (Ref. 13513). They do not adapt well in captivity (Ref. 12382, 37040). Juveniles are victims of California sea lions in Monterey Bay (Ref. 37040). Tortonese, E. 1990 Molidae. p. 1077-1079. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6952) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1994-02-12 00:00:00 2017-11-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution The scaleless body is covered with extremely thick, elastic skin. The caudal fin is replaced by a rudder-like structure called 'clavus'. Dorsal and anal fins very high with short base; in swimming, these fins are flapped synchronously from side to side and can propel the fish at surprisingly good speed. Pectorals small and rounded, directed upward (Ref. 6885). Mouth very small; teeth fused to form a parrot-like beak. Gills 4, a slit behind the last; gill openings reduced to a small hole at the base of the pectoral fins. Gas bladder absent in adults.Description: Characterized further by deep and oval body, nearly circular, depth 1-1.5 in TL; rough texture of skin; clavus supported by about 12 fin rays, of which 8-9 bear ossicles (Ref. 90102). Heemstra, P.C. 1986 Molidae. p. 907-908. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4424) FB-Morphology-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1994-02-12 00:00:00 2017-11-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 18; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 14 - 17 Heemstra, P.C. 1986 Molidae. p. 907-908. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4424) FB-Distribution-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2025-09-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Circumglobal: tropical and temperate zones of all oceans. Golani, D. and R. Fricke 2018 Checklist of the Red Sea fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants. Zootaxa 4509(1):1-215. (Ref. 120578) FB-Uses-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: minor commercial; price category: unknown; price reliability: Bauchot, M.-L. 1987 Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397) FB-Migration-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Beamish, R.J., G.A. McFarlane and J.R. King 2005 Migratory patterns of pelagic fishes and possible linkages betweeen open ocean and coastal ecosystems off the Pacific coast of North America. Deep-Sea Research II 52:739-755. (Ref. 138310) FB-LifeCycle-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1732&StockCode=1928 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Produces very numerous and small eggs; 300 million eggs found in a 1.5 m long female (Ref. 4711). Oocytes in the ovaries develop in different stages suggesting Mola mola as a multiple spawner (Ref. 86440). This is the largest clutch estimate for this species (Ref. 53596). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1999-09-18 00:00:00 2019-01-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ mola The fish is found on slopes adjacent to deep water. The fish comes in for shelter and for seeking cleaner fishes. The fish is usually shy. However, it may become familiar with divers in some locations (Ref. 48637). The species often drifts at the surface while lying on its side. It swims upright and close to the surface. The dorsal fin often protruds above the water. The species has been filmed in 480 m depth with the help of a camera equipped with baits(Lis Maclaren, pers. Comm. 2005). The species eats fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, jellyfish, crustaceans and brittle stars (Refs. 4925, 48637). Contrary to reports of being an obligate feeder on gelatinous zooplankton, it has been reported, in fact, to display different feeding behaviors, feed on diverse food items, including filamentous brown algae from shallow water. Juveniles are likely to be benthos feeders. Feeding behavior includes accelerated movement towards slowly moving prey. Exhibits qualitative overlapping diet with Masturus lanceolatus (Ref. 119029). A live colony of the cirriped Lepas anatifera were found attached to the anterior portion of the sunfish's esophagus that was stranded in the south coast of Terceira Island, Azores Archipelago in 2004; an association with apparent advantages for the goose barnacles such as a regular intake of food and protection both from hydrodynamic hazards and from predators: but for the sunfish, it is not clear whether it is neutral, of advantage or causes feeding problems since the attachment may obstruct the sunfish's esophagus (Ref. 55063). Parasites of the species include 1 monogenean, 6 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 4 copepods (Ref. 5951). The fish is registered as the heaviest bony fish and as the one with the most eggs in the Guinness Book of World Records (Ref. 6472). Clemens, W.A. and G.V. Wilby 1961 Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. (68):443 p. (Ref. 4925) FB-Size-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 333 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 26340)); max. published weight: 1,320.0 kg (Ref. 132224) Claro, R. 1994 Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo. (Ref. 26340) Sawai, E. and M. Nyegaard 2022 A review of giants: Examining the species identities of the world's heaviest extant bony fishes (ocean sunfishes, family Molidae). J. Fish Biol. 100:1345-1364. (Ref. 132224) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-1732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-22 00:00:00 2024-10-08 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1732 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref. 138310); marine; depth range 30 - 1515 m (Ref. 86942), usually 30 - 70 m (Ref. 90102) Beamish, R.J., G.A. McFarlane and J.R. King 2005 Migratory patterns of pelagic fishes and possible linkages betweeen open ocean and coastal ecosystems off the Pacific coast of North America. Deep-Sea Research II 52:739-755. (Ref. 138310) Fricke, R., M. Kulbicki and L. Wantiez 2011 Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 4:341-463. (Ref. 86942) Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102)