FB-1847 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1847 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Eupercaria/misc Lethrinidae Lethrinus Lethrinus obsoletus (Forsskål, 1775) Shehri-e-maamooli Letra ornatka Ladrao Ladrão relâmpago Blou keiser Khutam Shaari kabir Shaoor mehseny Shari Sha'ri Sheiry Shour Suli إمبراطور مُبرَّق Bukhawan Mamlagaas Katambak Kiros Blåspættet kejserbrasen Blauschuppen-Straßenkehrer Blue emperor Emperor Emperor fish Green snapper Lesser spangled emperor Mata-Hari Morwong North-west snapper Norwest snapper Parrot-fish Pigface bream Pig-faced bream Red-finned emperor Sand bream Sand snapper Scavenger Sea bream Sixteen-pounders Snuppy Spangle emperor Spangled emperor Starry pigface bream Tricky snapper Yellow sweetlip Täpiline seanina Kawago Bec-de-cane Bec-de-cane nuageux Capitaine blanc Capitaine créole Capitaine rouge Écrivain Empereur moris Lethrinus nuageux Kilawan Hama-fuefuki Kokkaru ಕೊಕ್ಕರು  ಕೊಕ್ಕರು   갈돔 Chemballi Kadu കടു ചെന്പല്ലി  ചെന്വല്ലി Andopeng (Bajau) Asuh-asuh Dalu-dalu Gertah Gertak lantai Kercing Ketambak Landok Landok sisik bintik Lencam Mempinang Pelandok Senoncing Ambitsy Ambity Mulogo Ulusa'o Cagoole Dhubaani Dhuuwane Gaxash Changu Changu koko Changu m'zizi Changu nyamvi Changu tewa Changu-tewa Ichawa Kiuwa M'changu Tukwana Koranguvela Koranguvelu Pulli vella meen Valamin Velamin Vella meen குரஙகுவெலா  குரஙகுவெலா   கொருங்குவிலா வெளமீன் வெளைமீன்  Karwa కరవ  కరవ   Bakutut Bitilya Bukawin Petilya Cá Hè dài Emperador relámpago Anuping Andupen Atissa Bagangan Bag-angan Bakoko Bali-agus Benin Bening Bilason Bleščavi car Bugsi Caan Capitaine Créole Dolso Dzizi Gambayan Geging Jixé Kapan meti laran Kaptenn rouz Ketamba Kikiaa Kirawan Kotrokotro Kutambak Labeta Madas Madas manama Meevatiya Meewetiya N'Dzizi N'tzizi Pangali-lin Piho Pulli meevetiya Pulli vella meen Quiros Sapingan Te morikoi Vella meen Zizi 星斑裸頰鯛 星斑裸颊鲷 泥黃 蓝带裸颊鲷 藍帶裸頰鯛 連尖 青嘴 青嘴龍占 青嘴龙占 黑斑裸頰鯛 黑斑裸颊鲷 Lethrinus alboguttatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus amboinensis (non Bleeker, 1854) Lethrinus anatarius Richardson, 1845 Lethrinus aurolineatus Macleay, 1882 Lethrinus carinatus Weber, 1913 Lethrinus centurio Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus choerorynchus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lethrinus cyanoxanthus Richardson, 1843 Lethrinus devisianus Whitley, 1929 Lethrinus erythrurus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus esculentus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus fasciatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus fraenatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus frenatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus gothofredi Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus guentheri Bleeker, 1873 Lethrinus harak (Fabricius, 1775) Lethrinus karwa Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus korely Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus maculatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus perselectus Whitley, 1933 Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 Lethtinus fletus (non Whitley, 1943) Sciaena nebulosa Forsskål, 1775 Sparus choerorynchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 1990-11-10 2018-04-13 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-1846-1025 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1999-04-16 2004-09-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u7.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u7.jpg FB-pic-1846-1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1999-04-16 2004-09-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Dec. 1975 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u6.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u6.jpg FB-pic-1846-2836 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-02-09 2024-08-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u0.jpg FB-pic-1846-4564 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg FAO 1995-06-05 2005-06-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u2.jpg FB-pic-1846-10471 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Leneb_u0.gif FB-pic-1846-11771 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-08-19 2000-07-20 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Leneb_u1.gif FB-pic-1846-13131 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1997-01-29 2000-07-20 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u3.jpg FB-pic-1846-14082 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1997-04-10 2024-08-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Leneb_j0.gif FB-pic-1846-18525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1998-11-19 2004-09-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u4.jpg FB-pic-1846-18531 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1998-11-19 2004-09-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Leneb_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Leneb_u5.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Inhabit coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, flat sand bottoms, and coastal rock areas. Adults solitary or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas, also harbors where seagrasses, algae or sponge habitats are found at various depths. Feed on echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans, and to some extent on polychaetes and fish. The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain, although they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260, 55367). However, recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal in the sense of protogynous hermaphroditism is observed (Ref. 107020). May have a coppery or iodine taste or smell in the Indian Ocean (Ref. 2295, 11888). It has been shown that this species can survive for long periods in salinities as low as 10 parts per thousand and therefore it is a potential estuarine aquaculture species (Ref. 2295). Taken by handline, traps, trawls, seines, and gill nets. Marketed mostly fresh. Very important commercial and sport fish in some countries (Ref. 68703). Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen 1989 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295) FB-DiagnosticDescr-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1992-03-25 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.5-2.9 times in standard length; head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.6-3.1 times in SL, dorsal profile near eye nearly straight, or in large individuals, distinctly concave; snout moderately long, its length about 1.8-2.4 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.8-1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile nearly straight or concave, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 50° and 68°; interorbital space usually convex; posterior nostril an oblong longitudinal opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril or, about halfway between orbit and anterior nostril eye not close to dorsal profile except in small individuals, its length 3.6-5.9 times in HL; cheek moderately high, its height 2.4-3 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws rounded with points or molars that often have tubercles; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X, 9 with the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin spine usually the longest, its length 2.7-3.6 times in body depth; A III,8 with the first soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or slightly shorter than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.3-1.6 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body usually with dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 5 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 16-17 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; usually 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 5-9 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body yellowish or bronze, lighter below, centers of many scales with a white or light blue spot, sometimes irregular dark indistinct bars on sides and a square black blotch above pectoral fins bordering below lateral line; 3 blue streaks or series of blue spots radiating forward and ventrally from eye; fins whitish or yellowish, pelvic fins dusky, edge of dorsal fin reddish. Juveniles variable with blotches or stripe and changes with habitat (Ref. 114226). Carpenter, K.E. 2001 Lethrinidae. p. 3004-3050. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 114226) FB-Morphology-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1992-03-25 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Carpenter, K.E. 2001 Lethrinidae. p. 3004-3050. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 114226) FB-Distribution-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2024-07-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and East Africa to southern Japan and Samoa. According to a genetic study (Ref. 28017), Lethrinus nebulosus and Lethrinus choerorynchus are two distinct species in Western Australia. Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen 1989 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295) FB-Uses-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species Carpenter, K.E. 1998 Lethrinidae. Emperor snappers. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Western Central Pacific. (Ref. 9775) Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su and E.Y. Chang 2001 Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31. (Ref. 40297) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-LifeCycle-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=1846&StockCode=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain,. Though they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260), a study on the Great Barrier Reef (Ref. 27264) found no clear evidence of sex change in spangled emperors within the size range 17-54 cm (Ref. 6390). Gonochorism is inferred for this species as sizes of males and females overlapped and male gonad morphology is typical of secondarily derived testes (Ref. 103751). Recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal is observed (Ref. 107020).In the aquarium, pursuit of a female with a slightly swollen abdomen by a male signifies the start of mating. The male uses its mouth to bump and push the female's abdomen. Then eggs and sperm are released at the water surface (Ref. 58706). Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen 1989 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295) FB-TrophicStrategy-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-01-15 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public nebulosus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Adults occur alone or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas. Juveniles appear to live in shallow, inshore waters such as seagrass (Ref. 41878) and mangrove areas, the fish moving into deeper water as they age (Ref. 27260, 28202). In the Gulf of Carpentaria, L. nebulosus associates with L. laticaudis usually in depths of greater than 30 m (Ref. 28202). Inhabits inshore, coastal waters associated with coral and rocky reefs. Forms small schools that are visible above reefs in an almost motionless state. Believed to be attributed to feeding as its diet consists of organisms suspended in the water column such as small crabs and marine worms (Ref. 9773). Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen 1989 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295) FB-Size-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 87.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 47613)); max. published weight: 8,400 g (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 28 years (Ref. 92312) Assadi, H. and Dehghani P.R. 1997 Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Iran. (Ref. 47613) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Andrews, A.H., J.M. Kalish, S.J. Newman and J.M. Johnston 2011 Bomb radiocarbon dating of three important reef-fish species using Indo-Pacific D14C chronologies. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 62:1259-1269. (Ref. 92312) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-1846-537 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2002-10-14 00:00:00 2002-10-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=1846&StockCode=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Encotyllabe Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Arthur, J.R. and S. Lumanlan-Mayo 1997 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of the Philippines. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 369, 102 p. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 26129) FB-Habitat-1846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-11-10 00:00:00 2019-01-29 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1846 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat reef-associated; non-migratory; brackish; marine; depth range 10 - 75 m (Ref. 2295) Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen 1989 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)