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(Ref. 107945) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) SCRFA, Science and Conservation of Fish Aggregations0 SCRFA database. Web online database. https://www.scrfa.org/database/: SCRFA. [2013-onwards]. (Ref. 118580) Palomares, M.L.D., R. Froese, B. Derrick, S.-L. Nöel, G. Tsui, J. Woroniak and D. Pauly0 A preliminary global assessment of the status of exploited marine fish and invertebrate populations. A report prepared by the Sea Around Us for OCEANA. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, p. 64. (Ref. 118628) Carter, J., G.J. Marrow and V. Pryor0 Aspects of the ecology and reproduction of Nassau grouper, <i>Epinephelus striatus</i>, off the coast of Belize, Central America. Proc. Gulf. Carib. Fish. Inst. 43:65-111. (Ref. 118791) Bardach, J.E., C.L. Smith and D.W. Menzel0 Bermuda fisheries research program final report. Bermuda Trade Development Board, Hamilton, 59 p. (Ref. 127762) Harborne, A.0 Fish and coral species lists compiled by Coral Cay Conservation: Belize 1990-1998. Coral Cay Conservation, 26p. (Ref. 128811) Keller, J.A., J.L. Herbig, D. Morley, A. Wile, P. Barbera and A. Acosta0 Grouper tales: use of acoustic telemetry to evaluate grouper movements at Western dry rocks in the Florida keys. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 12:290-307. (Ref. 129246) Fulton, S.0 Institutional amnesia pushes fish spawning aggregations towards extirpation. People and Nature 5:489-495. (Ref. 129470) Tuohy, E., M. Schärer-Umpierre, L. Penrod and R. Appeldoorn0 Home range, space use, and vertical distribution of Nassau grouper (<i>Epinephelus striatus</i>) during non-spawning times in Western Puerto Rico. Frontiers in Marine Science 10:1206070. (Ref. 129815) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-18-2662 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-18 2008-08-04 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epstr_u0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epstr_u0.jpg FB-pic-18-2663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1995-01-18 1996-11-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epstr_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epstr_u1.jpg FB-pic-18-10339 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epstr_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epstr_u0.gif FB-pic-18-11480 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-07-05 1996-07-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epstr_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epstr_u1.gif FB-pic-18-11481 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-07-05 1996-07-05 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epstr_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epstr_u2.gif FB-GeneralDescr-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are common in seagrass beds. Diet comprises mainly of fishes (54%) and crabs (23%) and lesser amounts of other crustaceans and mollusks. It is solitary and mainly diurnal; but may sometimes form schools. Spawns near the new moon with up to 30,000 aggregating at certain spawning sites (Ref. 9710). The least wary and most friendly of all the groupers (Ref. 5226). Heavily fished and vulnerable to overfishing, particularly when migrating or aggregating to spawn (Ref. 9710). The most important commercial grouper in the West Indies. Marketed fresh, mostly between 2 to 10 kg (Ref. 3708). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-02-16 00:00:00 2001-07-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. Dorsal fin notched between forward spines; 3rd or 4th spine the longest. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin; scales small and greatly overlapping. Ground color tawny in individuals in shallow water, shading to pinkish or red in those from deeper water, sometimes with an orange cast. Can change color pattern in a few minutes from almost white to uniformly dark brown depending on mood. Third and fourth vertical bars branch above lateral line forming a W-shaped mark. Several distinct black spots below and behind eye and a characteristic `tuning-fork shaped stripe on top of head, dividing just behind the orbits. (see also Refs. 5221, 5222, 5227 and 2458). Smith, C.L. 1978 Serranidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 4. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3708) FB-Morphology-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-02-16 00:00:00 2001-07-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 11 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Smith, C.L. 1978 Serranidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 4. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3708) FB-Distribution-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Silvia Opitz 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2023-09-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, Yucatan Peninsula and throughout the Caribbean to southern Brazil. Not known from the Gulf of Mexico except at the Campeche Bank off the coast of Yucatan, at Tortugas and off Key West. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Robbie N. Cada General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Nigrelli, R.F. 1959 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London. (Ref. 273) FB-Migration-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ FAO General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=18&StockCode=26 Most males and females display a bicolored pattern during spawning. Courtship behavior involves vertical spiral movement, short vertical runs followed by rapid aggregation then rapid dispersal and horizontal runs near the bottom. Sex reversal reportedly between 30 and 80 cm SL. Some primary males found recently (Ref. 5222). Protogyny was assumed in old literature, but dioecism (gonochorism) has been demonstrated. Pelagic spawner (Ref. 31572). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-TrophicStrategy-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-19 00:00:00 2007-11-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public striatus Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). The juveniles are common in seagrass beds, feeding mainly on crustaceans; adults common in shallow coral reefs (Ref. 5222). Observed hiding among the leaves of the turtle grass Thalassia testudinium, presumably in wait of prey; the coloration may serve primarily to conceal it from preys rather than from predators (Ref. 5230). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Pelagic recruits feeding habits ranged from filter feeding to particulate feeding and piscivory (Ref. 59316). Their prey ranged from dinoflagellates to fish larvae, >0.9 cm SL (Ref. 59316). Smith, C.L. 1978 Serranidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 4. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3708) FB-Size-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 122 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5227)); max. published weight: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5222); max. reported age: 29 years (Ref. 45400) Humann, P. and N. DeLoach 1993 Reef fish identification. Galápagos. New World Publications, Inc., Florida. 267 p. (Ref. 5227) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) Bush, P.G., G.C. Ebanks and E.D. Lane 2003 Age, growth, and mortality of Nassau grouper, <i>Epinephelus striatus</i>, from spawning aggregations around the Cayman Islands. Fish. Bull. (in press).wahah (Ref. 45400) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Silvia Opitz 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2005-08-31 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=18 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 1 - 90 m (Ref. 5217) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217)