FB-2042 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Oreochromis Oreochromis karongae (Trewavas, 1941) Karonga tilapia Tilapia Chambo Manindi Saka Tsaka Langazume Chambo 卡朗口孵非鯽 卡朗口孵非鲫 Sarotherodon karongae (Trewavas, 1941) Tilapia karongae Trewavas, 1941 Tilapia karonge Trewavas, 1941 Tilapia squamipinnis (non Günther, 1864) 1990-12-20 2018-10-11 Trewavas, E.0 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) Lowe-McConnell, R.H.0 Tilapias in fish communities. p. 83-113. In R.S.V. Pullin and R. H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.) The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 7. 432 p. (Ref. 87) Mortimer, M.A.E.0 Observations on the biology of <i>Tilapia andersonii</i> (Castelnau), (Pisces, Cichlidae) in Northern Rhodesia. Jnt. Fish. Res. Org. Annu. Rep. 9(1959):42-67. (Ref. 314) Fryer, G. and T.D. Iles0 The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa: their biology and evolution. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg, U.K. (Ref. 364) Turner, G.F., A.S. Grimm, O.K. Mhone, R.L. Robinson and T.J. Pitcher0 The diet of <i>Oreochromis lidole</i> (Trewavas) and other chambo species in Lakes Malawi and Malombe. J. Fish Biol. 39(1):15-24. (Ref. 2218) Lowe, R.H.0 Report on the <i>Tilapia</i> and other fish and fisheries of Lake Nyasa 1945-47. Col. Off. Fish. Publs. 1(2):1-126. (Ref. 2781) Boulenger, G.A.0 Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III. Printed by order of the Trustees, London. 526 p. (Ref. 2989) Jackson, P.B.N.0 Check list of the fishes of Nyasaland. The National Museum of Southern Rhodesia. Occasional Papers 3(25B). (Ref. 4364) Turner, G.F.0 The biology of chambo and consideration of other species important to the fishery. Chambo Fisheries Research Project Workshop. GOM/FAO/UNDP Project, MLW/86/013 Technical Summary Paper 2. (Ref. 4746) Eccles, D.H.0 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Rome. 145 p. (Ref. 4967) Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels0 Oreochromis. p. 307-346. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5166) Konings, A.0 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595) Seisay, M.B.D., N.P. van Zalinge and G.F. Turner0 Population dynamics and stock estimates of chambo (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in the south east arm of Lake Malawi and Lake Malombe - length based approach. GOM/UNDP/FAO Chambo Fisheries Research Project, Malawi. FAO FI:DP/MLW/86/013, Fld. Doc. 19:30 p. (Ref. 5747) Banda, M.C.0 Age and growth parameters of chambo (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in the southeast arm of of Lake Malawi, as determined from opercular bones. GOM/UNDP/FAO Chambo Fisheries Research Project, Malawi. FAO FI:DP/MLW/86/013, Fld. Doc. 20:31 p. (Ref. 6149) Turner, G.F. and N.C. Mwanyama0 Distribution and biology of chambo (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in Lake Malawi and Malombe. GOM/UNDP/FAO Chambo Fisheries Research Project, Malawi. FAO FI:DP/MLW/86/013, Fld. Doc. 21:26 p. (Ref. 6150) Robinson, R.L., G.F. Turner, A.S. Grimm and T.J. Pitcher0 An experimental study of phytoplankton feeding in three tilapiine cichlids. J. Fish Biol. 46(3):449-456. (Ref. 10402) Ufermann, A., R. Allgayer and M. Geerts (eds.)0 Cichlid catalogue (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1840). Vol. 1. Alphabetical catalogue of the cichlid fishes. Mr. Robert Allgayer, 15 rue des Hirondelles, 67350 Dauendorf, France. 1987:i-xv, 439 p. (Ref. 13271) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Nsiku, E.0 Changes in the fisheries of Lake Malawi, 1976-1996: ecosystem-based analysis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 217 p. M.Sc. thesis. (Ref. 33486) McKaye, K.R. and J.R. Stauffer Jr.0 Seasonality, depth and habitat distribution of breeding males of <i>Oreochromis</i> spp., 'chambo', in Lake Malawi National Park. J. Fish Biol. 33(6):825-834. (Ref. 35785) Turner, G.F., T.J. Pitcher and A.S. Grimm0 Identification of the Lake Malawi <i>Oreochromis (Nyasalapia)</i> spp. using multivariate morphometric techniques. J. Fish Biol. 35(6):799-812. (Ref. 40180) Turner, G.F., J. Witimani, R.L. Robinson, A.S. Grimm and T.J. Pitcher0 Reproductive isolation and the nest sites of Lake Malawi chambo, <i>Oreochromis (Nyasalapia)</i> spp. J. Fish Biol. 39(6):775-782. (Ref. 40193) Msiska, O.V. and B.A. Costa-Pierce0 Factors influencing the spawning success of <i>Oreochromis karongae</i> (Trewavas) in ponds. Aquacult. Res. 28:87-99. (Ref. 43862) Sodsuk, P.K., B.J. McAndrew and G.F. Turner0 Evolutionary relationships of the lake Malawi <i>Oreochromis</i> species: evidence from allozymes. J. Fish Biol. 47(2):321-333. (Ref. 44514) Pullin, R.S.V., C.M.V. Casal and R. Brummett0 Fish genetic resources of Africa. p. 60-74. In P.H. Skelton and G.G. Teugels (eds.) African fish and fisheries-diversity and utilisation. Ann Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 288. 105 p. (Ref. 51731) Ricardo Bertram, C.K., H.J.H. Borley and E. Trewavas0 Report on the fish and fisheries of Lake Nyasa. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, 181p. (Ref. 52161) Msiska, O.V.0 Reproductive biology and growth of <i>Oreochromis (Nyasalapia) karongae</i> in ponds and open water in Malawi. University of Malawi, Malawi. 196 p. Ph.D. dissertation. (Ref. 54078) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 An annotated bibliography of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae). Mus. R. Afr. Cent., Doc. Zool. 14, 406p. (Ref. 54357) Trewavas, E.0 Tilapiine fishes from crater-lakes north of Lake Malawi. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 30(5):149-158. (Ref. 54852) Kapeleta, M.0 Aquaculture development in Malawi: tilapia culture. FAO Fish. Circ. 971:147-176. (Ref. 54856) Turner, G.F. and R.L. Robinson0 Ecology, morphology and taxonomy of the Lake Malawy <i>Oreochromis (Nyasalapia)</i> species flock. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sc. Zool., 262:23-28. (Ref. 55079) Trewavas, E.0 Nyasa fishes of the genus <i>Tilapia</i> and a new species from Portuguese East Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 7(2):294-306. (Ref. 55427) Snoeks, J. (ed.)0 The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, USA, 360p. (Ref. 55463) Snoeks, J. and M. Hanssens0 Identification guidelines to other non-mbuna. p.266-310. In Snoeks, J. (ed.) The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, USA, 360p. (Ref. 55954) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Thys van den Audenaerde, D.F.E.0 La distribution géographique des <i>Tilapia</i> au Congo. Bull. Séances Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer 9(3):570-605. (Ref. 74387) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Shechonge, A., B.P. Ngatunga, S.J. Bradbeer, J.J. Day, J.J. Freer, A.G.P. Ford, J. Kihedu, T. Richmond, S. Mzighani, A.M. Smith, E.A. Sweke, R. Tamatamah, A.M. Tyers, G.F. Turner and M.J. Genner0 Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced <i>Oreochromis</i> tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction. Hydrobiologia (2018). (Ref. 118630) Genner, M.J., G.F. Turner and B.P. Ngatunga0 A guide to the tilapia fishes of Tanzania. Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner and Benjamin P. Ngatunga, August 2018. 29 p. (Ref. 118638) FB-pic-2042-10490 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Orkar_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Orkar_u0.gif FB-pic-2042-13939 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1997-03-24 2010-08-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Orkar_m0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Orkar_m0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-20 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:17:30 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 It is found in all kinds of habitats; it has been observed in shallow vegetated bays, in intermediate habitats, over sand, and in purely rocky biotopes (Ref. 5595). At most locations it is found at shallow levels, rarely deeper than 10 metres (Ref. 5595), but it can be present from the surface waters to depths of 40-50m (Ref. 118638). It feeds on phytoplankton and on diatom sediment on the sand; the so-called 'multitooth' morph at Cape Maclear grazes from rocks and might harvest the loose aufwuchs (Ref. 5595). A maternal mouthbrooder; males defend territories from shallow water down to at least 28m; males dig pits, which are sometimes huge craters with a small raised platform of fine sand (Ref. 118638). It is an important component of the fisheries catch in Lake Malawi (Ref. 118638). The IUCN conservation status is rated as endangered, based on declining fishery catches due to overfishing (Ref. 118638). Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels 1991 Oreochromis. p. 307-346. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5166) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-02-01 00:00:00 2018-10-11 20:22:50 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 Diagnosis: A heavily-built large tilapia species with a wide rounded head and short jaws; individuals vary a lot in dentition, with some having very wide bands of jaw teeth (Ref. 118638). Head length 30.8-36.0% of standard length; lower pharyngeal with large toothed area with straight or slightly convex sides; median length of pharyngeal bone 1.14-1.32 times its width and 38.2-42.2% of head length; blade 1.0-1.7 times median length of toothed area; length of lower jaw 28.4-34.5% of head length; teeth of jaws in 4-6 rows (Ref. 2). Females and juveniles with greyish-brown bodies and 4-5 vertical bars (Ref. 118638). Males are black with a white margin to the dorsal and tailfins; the genital tassel can be long and branched and pinkish to bright yellow (Ref. 2, 118638). It is one of the 'chambo' group Oreochromis from the Lake Malawi catchment; females and non-territorial males cannot be reliably distinguished from those of Oreochromis squamipinnis; females and non-territorial males from Lake Ikapu are a bright golden colour (Ref. 118638).Description: Upper profile of snout before eye usually convex (Ref. 55427). Jaws small (Ref. 6150). Tooth band wide (Ref. 4967). Lower pharyngeal bone heavily developed; size of head and jaws, depth of body and number of tooth rows population dependent (Ref. 55079). Sides of triangular toothed area of lower pharyngeal bone not concave (Ref. 55427). Caudal fin scaly (Ref. 2, 55427) and emarginate (Ref. 2). In adults both upper and lower lobes of caudal fin rounded; caudal peduncle as long as or longer than deep; genital papilla prominent and bifid in breeding fishes (Ref. 2). Males develop a breeding dress (Ref. 5595) and a genital tassel (Ref. 5595, 44514), each branch bearing tubercles and filaments (Ref. 2).Colouration: Non-breeding fish: silver-grey, darker on the dorsum, with black vertical bars of uneven length from the dorsum to mid-flanks (Ref. 2). Ripe females: very dark, almost black (Ref. 55079). At some times of the year (Ref. 55079) females, juveniles and non-breeding fish develop a yellowish-brown body with yellow margin to the dorsal fin (Ref. 6150, 55079). Courting male: black (Ref. 2781, 4967, 6150, 55079), often with iridescent patches on the head or body (Ref. 55079). Flank scales often with coppery metallic spot (Ref. 55079). Broad white margins to dorsal (Ref. 2, 55427) and caudal fin and sometimes also to the anal fin (Ref. 2). Black color lost in a few seconds when alarmed, turning a pale grey, often with iridescent greenish or coppery areas on the flanks or head (Ref. 40193). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Morphology-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-02-01 00:00:00 2018-10-11 20:22:50 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 15 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 12; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 10; Vertebrae: 30 - 32 Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-Distribution-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-02-01 00:00:00 2019-02-04 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Africa: Lake Malawi and its catchment (Ref. 2, 5166, 118630, 118638), including crater lake Itamba and Ikapu (Ref. 118638). Shechonge, A., B.P. Ngatunga, S.J. Bradbeer, J.J. Day, J.J. Freer, A.G.P. Ford, J. Kihedu, T. Richmond, S. Mzighani, A.M. Smith, E.A. Sweke, R. Tamatamah, A.M. Tyers, G.F. Turner and M.J. Genner 2018 Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced <i>Oreochromis</i> tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction. Hydrobiologia (2018). (Ref. 118630) FB-Uses-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-20 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:17:30 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 fisheries: commercial Eccles, D.H. 1992 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Rome. 145 p. (Ref. 4967) Konings, A. 1990 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595) FB-LifeCycle-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-20 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:17:30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2042&StockCode=2284 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology A maternal mouthbrooder; males defend territories from shallow water down to at least 28m; males dig pits, which are sometimes huge craters with a small raised platform of fine sand (Ref. 118638). Breeding period extends over several months as noted in Lake Malombe, at present one of the main breeding areas for this species (Ref. 6150). Males build nests on a variety of substrata and at depths of 0.5m to at least 28m; nests generally 0.3-1.9m diameter, with dimensions correlated to male size (Ref. 55079). Nest with a characteristic spawning cone in its center (Ref. 5595). Courtship appears to occur mainly in the early morning (Ref. 40193, 55079), and consist of leading, followed by tilting and head-down quivering if the female follows the male to the nest (Ref. 40193). A female with 324 young of 15mm long in the mouth has been caught (Ref. 2781). Females keep guarding their fry until they are about 24 mm (Ref. 2781, 6150). Trewavas, E. 1983 Tilapiine fishes of the genera <i>Sarotherodon</i>, <i>Oreochromis</i> and <i>Danakilia</i>. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2) FB-TrophicStrategy-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-04-04 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:18:54 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public karongae http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution It is found in all kinds of habitats; it has been observed in shallow vegetated bays, in intermediate habitats, over sand, and in purely rocky biotopes (Ref. 5595). At most locations it is found at shallow levels, rarely deeper than 10 metres (Ref. 5595), but it can be present from the surface waters to depths of 40-50m (Ref. 118638). It feeds on phytoplankton and on diatom sediment on the sand; the so-called 'multitooth' morph at Cape Maclear grazes from rocks and might harvest the loose aufwuchs (Ref. 5595). Konings, A. 1990 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595) FB-Size-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-20 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:17:30 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 42.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 6150)); 38 cm SL (female) Turner, G.F. and N.C. Mwanyama 1992 Distribution and biology of chambo (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in Lake Malawi and Malombe. GOM/UNDP/FAO Chambo Fisheries Research Project, Malawi. FAO FI:DP/MLW/86/013, Fld. Doc. 21:26 p. (Ref. 6150) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1990-12-20 00:00:00 2018-10-11 21:17:30 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2042 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats benthopelagic; freshwater; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 118638), usually 0 - 10 m (Ref. 5595) Genner, M.J., G.F. Turner and B.P. Ngatunga 2018 A guide to the tilapia fishes of Tanzania. Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner and Benjamin P. Ngatunga, August 2018. 29 p. (Ref. 118638) Konings, A. 1990 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595)