FB-227 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=227 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Elopiformes Megalopidae Megalops Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) Svaerdfisk Sverdfisk Meluis Wlócznik włócznik Aguilhão Aguilhão-Meca Agulha Agulhao Agulhão Agulhão-espadarte Araguaguá Catana Espada Espadão Espadarte Espadarte-maca Espadarte-meca Espadim-azul Meka Meca Peixe agulha Peixe espada Peixe-agulha Pirapicu Pirapucu Swaardvis Peshku shtize Abou monkar Abu seif Abucef Boucif-et-touil Boussif Espada Espadon Kheil al bahar Sankeh Space Spadon ﻒﻴﺳﻮﺑﺃ Big-ho Big-ho' Bigo Bigok Dugso Malasugi Malasugi Malasugi Pesciu spada Pysgodyn cleddyf Sværdfisk Schwertfisch Broadbill Broadbill swordfish Broad-bill sword-fish Marlin Swordfish Sword-fish Sword fish Mõõkkala Hatali Kofi Hatalikofi Svørðfiskur saku vorowaqa Miekkakala Espadon Espadron Poisson épée Poisson porte-épée Onyakle wulu Kunga Tadmachhi તદમછછી કુંગા A'u ku Dag haherev דג- חרב Sibingan Iglun Jaglun Sabljan Sverðfiskur Pei spa Pesce spada Pesce spate Pesse spada Pisci spada Pisci spata Pisci spatu Puddicinedda Spadon Spadottu Spateddu Dakuda Meka Mekajiki Medara Whang-sae-chi 황새치 zobenzivs durklažuve Lokjan Kuthirameen കടല് കുതിര കുതിരമീന് വല്ലിമീന് Paea Tadmasa तदमासा Mersuji Suji todak Todak Tumbuk banir Pixxi spad Pixxispad Spada Haku Mechenos Mech-ryba Mech--ryba Meshvenosouiye Меч-рыба Babljan Iglun Igo Jaglun Macokljun Sablijck Daanbeeri Wayambuuro Nduwalo Sansuli Svärdfisk Ha'ura Haura po Meka కట్టిచెపుా Kilic Kılıç balığı Мечорил Меч-риба Риба-меч Cá Mũi kiếm Ho cá mui kiem Aja para Albacora Chichi spada Emperador Espada Espadon Espardarte Pez espada Akwesi Nyatia An colgán Big-ho dakuda Dogso Dugho Ekyinekyin preko Emperador Espadarte Furão Hakula Hakura Ikan pedang Kadu kpooara Kpoleku Lumod Malasugue Manumbuk Mas-hibaru Mayas-pas Mbassi kouri Mečarica Meèarica Ndriwaro Ndruwaro Palmbela Peixe ferro Peix espasa Peixe-ferro Peste cu spada Peste spada Peşte spadă Peste-spada Sappara Situhuk Te rakuika Te sakula Thoek kojek Thok Thok kojek Toda Todak Varé Xifias Xifiòs Xiphías Zwaardvfisch Zwaardvis Ξιφιός 丁挽舅剑旗鱼剑鱼劍旗魚劍魚旗鱼舅 Phaethonichthys tuberculatus Nichols, 1923 Tetrapterus imperator (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Xiphasia gladius (Linnaeus, 1758) Xiphias estara Phillipps, 1932 Xiphias gladius estara Phillipps, 1932 Xiphias imperator Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Xiphias rondeletii Leach, 1814 Xiphias rondeletti Leach, 1814 Xiphias thermaicus Serbetis, 1951 Xyphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 1990-10-17 2024-05-27 Nakamura, I.0 FAO species catalogue. 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Dewar0 Movements and behaviors of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the United States Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area. Fisheries Oceanography 27(4):381-394. (Ref. 130030) Sepulveda, C.A., A. Knight, N. Nasby‐Lucas and M.L. Domeier0 Fine‐scale movements of the swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Southern California Bight. Fisheries Oceanography 19(4):279-289. (Ref. 130046) Chiang, W.-C., S.-J. Lin, M.K. Musyl, C.-L. Sun, Y.-J. Chang and Y.-S. Ho0 Movements and vertical habitat of black marlin (Istiompax indica) and swordfish ( Xiphias gladius) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. ISC Billfish Working Group Workshop, 11-17 April 2023 held in the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Hawaii USA. (Ref. 130055) Kwei, E.A. and D.W. Ofori-Adu0 Fishes in the coastal waters of Ghana. Comm. 2. Tema-Ghana. 124p. (Ref. 130891) Keskin, A. and D. Pauly0 Testing predictions of length at first maturity of teleostean fishes, given their maximum length. Cybium 47(3):249-257. (Ref. 131385) Marisaldi, L., D. Basili, M. Candelma, V. Sesani, P. Pignalosa, G. Gioacchini and O. Carnevali0 Maturity assignment based on histology-validated macroscopic criteria: tackling the stock decline of the Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Aquat. Conserv. 30:303-314. (Ref. 131416) Aliçli, T.Z., I.K. Oray, F.S. Karakulak and A.E. Kahraman0 Age, sex ratio, length-weight relationships and reproductive biology of Mediterranean swordfish, Xiphias gladius L., 1758, in the eastern Mediterranean. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11:3673-3680. (Ref. 131427) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) Collette, B.B., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Pohlot, B., Restrepo, V. & Schratwieser, J.0 Xiphias gladius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T23148A46625751. (Ref. 137492) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Sepulveda, C.A. and S.A. Aalbers0 Swordsh horizontal movements in relation to stock structure within the Eastern North Pacific. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 82(7):1-15. (Ref. 138423) FB-pic-226-5516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-08-18 1996-04-16 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Xigla_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Xigla_u1.gif FB-pic-226-6810 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-12-29 1997-06-04 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Xigla_u2.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Xigla_u2.gif FB-pic-226-44646 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-11 2008-07-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Xigla_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Xigla_u5.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 Oceanic but sometimes found in coastal waters (Ref. 9354). Generally above the thermocline (Ref. 9354), preferring temperatures of 18°C to 22°C (Ref. 9987). Larvae are frequently encountered at temperatures above 24 °C (Ref. 9702). Migrate toward temperate or cold waters in the summer and back to warm waters in the fall. Adults are opportunistic feeders, known to forage for their food from the surface to the bottom over a wide depth range (Ref. 9702). Feed mainly on fishes (Atlantic mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, redfish, herring and lanternfishes (Ref. 5951); also on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 9354). They use their sword to kill their prey (Ref. 9354). Large individuals may accumulate large percentages of mercury in its flesh (Ref. 9354). Are batch spawners (Ref. 51846). Spawning takes place in Atlantic during spring in southern Sargasso Sea. Migrate to cooler waters to feed (Ref. 4689). Females grow fastest. Determination of age is difficult since the otoliths are very small and scales are missing in adults. Year rings have been successfully counted on cross sections of the fin rays (Ref. 35388). Pelagic eggs measure 1.6-1.8mm and the newly hatched larvae is 4 mm long. Sword is well developed at a length of 10mm and young live pelagically in the upper water layers where they quickly develop into very voracious predators (Ref. 35388). Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784). Good food fish, marketed fresh or frozen, and can be made into sashimi, teriyaki or fillets (Ref. 9354). Nakamura, I. 1985 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43) FB-DiagnosticDescr-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-02-26 00:00:00 2005-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Blackish-brown fading to light-brown below; 1st dorsal fin with blackish-brown membrane, other fins brown or blackish-brown (Ref. 43). A long, flat, sword-like bill and no pelvic fins (Ref. 26938). Nakamura, I. 1985 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43) FB-Morphology-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1997-02-26 00:00:00 2005-01-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 38 - 56; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 16 - 18 Nakamura, I. 1985 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43) FB-Distribution-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2023-12-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: tropical and temperate and sometimes cold waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Highly migratory species. Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784). Collette, B.B. 1981 Xiphiidae. In W. Fischer, G. Bianchi and W.B. Scott (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic (Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part)). Volume 4. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3704) FB-Uses-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039) FB-LifeCycle-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=226&StockCode=240 In the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs in the upper water layer at depths between 0 and 75 m, at temperatures around 23°C, and salinity of 33.8 to 37.4 ppt.The distribution of larval broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean indicates that spawning occurs mainly in waters with a temperature of 24°C or more. Spawning appears to occur in all seasons in equatorial waters, but is restricted to spring and summer at higher latitudes (Ref. 30448).Fertilisation in broadbill swordfish is external and pairing of solitary males and females is thought to occur when spawning (Ref. 9742). Broadbill swordfish are reported to spawn in the upper layers of the water column, from the surface to a depth of 75 m (Ref. 43).Estimates of egg numbers vary considerably, from 1 million to 16 million in 168,000 g female (Ref. 9742) and 29 million in a 272,000 g female (Ref. 30372). Nakamura, I. 1985 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43) FB-TrophicStrategy-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-06-10 00:00:00 2008-07-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public gladius http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Juveniles are common only in tropical and sub-tropical waters and migrate to higher latitudes as they mature (Ref. 7176). In southeastern Australian waters, sharp temperature and salinity gradients across oceanic fronts provide favourable conditions for concentrations of broadbill swordfish (Ref. 6390). Little is known of large scale movements by adult broadbill swordfish. Mature fish make only limited local movements (Ref. 9742). Tracking of fish using acoustic tags has shown that broadbill swordfish typically move to surface waters at night and inhabit deeper waters during the day, reaching depths up to 600 m (Ref. 30447). These vertical movements may be rapid and involve changes in waters temperature as great as 19°C (Ref. 6390). Some tagged fish spend daylight hours near the sea bed close to the continental shelf break or submerged banks and move offshore at night (Ref. 6390). In the eastern Pacific broadbill swordfish are commonly seen basking at the sea surface for short periods during the day, a behaviour that may allow the fish to recover from stress associated with low temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in deep water (Ref. 30447). Broadbill swordfish are normally solitary, but pairs of fish are regularly observed at the surface off the Californian coast (Ref. 30447).Larvae are most common within a few m of the surface during the day but may move to depths of 30 m at night (Ref. 30448). Swordfish larvae longer than 10 mm feed almost exclusively on larvae of other fish species (Ref. 6390). Young swordfish is preyed upon by blue shark, tuna and marlins. Parasites of the species include a cestode, Fistulicola plicatus; trematode, Tristoma spp.; monogenean, Tristoma coccineumand T. integrum; nematode, Thynnascaris incurva and a copepod, Pennella filosa (Ref. 5951). Nakamura, I. 1985 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43) FB-Size-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Christine Papasissi 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat 455 cm FL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637)); max. published weight: 650.0 kg (Ref. 4689) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Nakamura, I. 1986 Xiphiidae. p. 1006-1007. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4689) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=226 pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref. 71039); marine; depth range 0 - 2878 m (Ref. 116993), usually 0 - 550 m (Ref. 54934) United Nations 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. United Nations. Retrieved on June 30, 2004, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm (Ref. 71039) Collette, B.B., A. Di Natale, W. Fox, J. Graves, M. Juan Jorda, B. Pohlot, V. Restrepo and J. Schratwieser 2011 Xiphias gladius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T23148A88828055. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T23148A9422329.en (Ref. 116993) FAO-FIGIS 2005 A world overview of species of interest to fisheries. Chapter: Xiphias gladius. Retrieved on 14 July 2005, from www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2503. 4p. FIGIS Species Fact Sheets. Species Identification and Data Programme-SIDP, FAO-FIGIS (Ref. 54934)