FB-237 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=237 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Siluriformes Clariidae Clarias Clarias jaensis Boulenger, 1909 Atlantisk laks Laks Laks atlantisk Losos Losoś Łosoś Łosoś atlantycki Losos szlachetny Łosoś szlachetny Salmao Salmão Salmâo-do-Atlântico Salmão-do-Atlântico Sãlmao-do-Atlântico Losos atlantsky Losos obecný Eog Atlanterhavslaks Atlantisk laks Laks Nedfaldslaks Skællaks Atlantischer salmon Blaulaß Echter lachs Elblachs Grilse Hakenlachs Lachs Laichlachs Las Laß Mailachs Parr Randel Rheinlachs Rheinsalm Salm Salmen Salmling Schwarzlachs Sommersalm Speitzken St. Bartholomäuslachs St. Jakobssalm Struvitzen Weserlachs Wintersalm Atlantic salmon Bay salmon Black salmon Breeder Caplin-scull salmon Common Atlantic salmon Fiddler Grayling Grilse Grilt Kelt Landlocked salmon N. Atlantic salmon Ouananiche Ouinanish Outside salmon Parr Salmon Salmon peel Sea salmon Sebago salmon Silver salmon Slink Smolt Spring fish Spring salmon Winnish Atlandi lõhe lõhi Laksur Smolt Kutenut lohi Lohi Saumon Saumon Atlantique Saumon atlantique Saumon de l'Atlantique Saumon d'eau douce Tacon atlantique Braddan סלמון\ סלמון אטלנטי Hoplax Lax Kapisalirksoak Kapisilik Kavisilik Kebleriksorsoak Kumaliq Saama Saâma Saamakutaak Saamarug Sâma Salmo Salmone Salmone atlantico Salmone del Reno Sake masu-rui lasis lašiša Amerikanskiy atlanticheskiy losos' Losos Losos' Semga Sjomga атлантический лосось Лосось атлантический (=семга) семга Losos Salmon Baggit Beastie Beikat Ben Black fish Brankie Brannock Candavaig Caul´iron Cockspur Duke´s fish Grey salmon Kipper Lax Ligger Queer fish/fella Rawner Red fish Reister Ronnal Losos obycajný Gullspångslax Lax Vraklax Alabalik atlantik Atlantik salmonu Somon Лосось Лосось атлантичний Сьомга Landloked salmon salmón Salmón salmón de lago Salmón del Atlántico salmón del Traful salmón encerrado salmón plateado An bradán Atlantski losos Bradan Candaraig Hengst Ijle zalm Jacobzalm K'wit'thet K'wolexw Lafafo Lasg-druimein Salmó Schaanexw Shamet skelex Shmexwalsh Sináech Sk'wel'eng's schaanexw Slhop' schaanexw Solomos Solomós Somon de Atlantic Spak'ws schaanexw St'thkway' Unaniche Zalm Σολομός 大西洋鲑 Salmo brevipes Smitt, 1883 Salmo caerulescens Schmidt, 1795 Salmo gloverii Girard, 1854 Salmo goedenii Bloch, 1784 Salmo gracilis Couch, 1865 Salmo hamatus Cuvier, 1829 Salmo hardinii Günther, 1866 Salmo nobilis Olafsen, 1772 Salmo nobilis Pallas, 1814 Salmo ocla Nilsson, 1832 Salmo renatus Lacepède, 1803 Salmo rilla Lacepède, 1803 Salmo salar biennis Berg, 1912 Salmo salar brevipes Smitt, 1883 Salmo salar brevipes relictus Berg, 1932 Salmo salar europaeus Payne, Child & Forrest, 1971 Salmo salar lacustris Hardin, 1862 Salmo salar ouananiche McCarthy, 1894 Salmo salar saimensis Seppovaara, 1962 Salmo salar sebago Girard, 1853 Salmo salar tasmanicus Johnston, 1889 Salmo salar var. nobilis Smitt, 1895 Salmo salmo Valenciennes, 1848 Salmo salmulus Walbaum, 1792 Salmo sebago Girard, 1853 Salmo strom Bonnaterre, 1788 Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863 Trutta salar (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta salar relicta Malmgren, 1863 1990-11-10 2024-08-12 Muus, B.J. and P. 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Roy0 Mobility and home-range use of Atlantic salmon parr over short time scales. Aquat. Living Resour. 20:95-101. (Ref. 129248) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) WDNR, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources0 Wisconsin Fish Species List.. World Wide Web electronic publication, Accessed 05 Oct. 2024. Madison (USA, WI): Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 6 p. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/Fishing/Species_wifish.pdf (Ref. 132215) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) Darwall, W.R.T.0 Salmo salar The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T19855A67373433. (Ref. 137900) Jensen, A.J., S. Karlsson, P. Fiske, L.P. Hansen, G.M. Østborg and K. Hindar0 Origin and life history of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) near their northernmost oceanic limit. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71:1740-1746. (Ref. 138270) FB-GeneralDescr-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 Amphihaline species, spending most of its life in freshwater (Ref. 51442). Occurs in lakes and rocky runs and pools of small to large rivers (Ref. 86798). Some landlocked populations exist. Found in all rivers where temperature rises above 10° C for about 3 months per year and does not exceed 20° C for more than a few weeks in summer (Ref. 59043) (preferred temperatures 4-12°C). Juveniles may live in cold lakes in northern Europe (Ref. 59043). Parr (i.e. juveniles) are territorial and are found in the upper reaches of rivers and streams, in riffle areas with strong current and rough gravel bottoms (Ref. 7471). During winter, parr seek refuge in small spaces or under stones during the day (Refs. 59043, 89461). Young remain in freshwater for 1 to 6 years, then migrate to coastal marine waters or even to open oceans where they remain for 1 to 4 years before returning to freshwater for spawning (Ref. 51442). Adults inhabit cooler waters with strong to moderate flow (Ref. 44894). The Atlantic salmon is reported to live up to 10 years, but most individuals only reach 4-6 years (Ref. 88187). Juveniles feed mainly on aquatic insects, mollusks, crustaceans and fish; adults at sea feed on squids, shrimps, and fish (Ref. 51442). Most populations depend mostly or exclusively on stocking due to degradations of environmental conditions. Fishing pressure on wild stocks has decreased due to intensive farming but other problems have increased. Farmed salmons escape in large numbers and move to any river and hybridize with wild stocks (Ref. 59043). This species may hybridize with trout (Salmo trutta) (Ref. 59043). Diseases of the species include furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida), corynebacterial kidney disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum), enteric red mouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, bacterial kidney disease, fin rot and fungus infections (Ref. 5951). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, smoked, and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, cooked in microwave, and baked (Ref. 9988). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-DiagnosticDescr-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1992-04-02 00:00:00 2012-02-24 21:50:41 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Distinguished from congeners by having the following unique characters: 10-13 scales between end of adipose base and lateral line; 17-24 gill rakers (Ref. 59043); caudal fin deeply forked in individuals smaller than 20 cm SL; hyaline or grey adipose margin; posterior part of vomer toothless (Ref. 59043). Mouth extends only to area below rear of eye and has well developed teeth (Ref. 51442). Vomerine teeth weak (Ref. 7251). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196). Little scales (Ref. 51442). Juveniles have 8-12 blue-violet spots on the flanks with little red spots in-between (Ref. 51442). Adults at sea are bluish-green dorsally becoming silvery along the sides and white ventrally; with a few black spots but none under lateral line (Ref. 37032, Ref. 51442). Caudal fin usually unspotted and adipose fin not black bordered. During reproduction individuals lose the silvery shine and become dull brown or yellowish. Males may be mottled with red or have large black patches (Refs. 37032, 51442, 88171). Skin becomes thick and leathery. Survivors lose their spawning coloration and are generally dark in colour (Ref. 84357). During the spawning season, males are characterized by elongated hooked jaws that meet at the tips, thicker fins, and slime covering their body. Hook of males dwindle after spawning (Ref. 35388). Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Morphology-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1992-04-02 00:00:00 2012-02-24 21:50:41 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 3 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 15; Anal spines: 3 - 4; Analsoft rays: 7 - 11; Vertebrae: 58 - 61 Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coords.) 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387. (Ref. 40476) FB-Distribution-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-14 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat North Atlantic Ocean: temperate and arctic zones in northern hemisphere (Ref. 51442).Western Atlantic: Atlantic drainages from northern Quebec, Canada, to Connecticut and New York, USA; inland to Lake Ontario where it is now extirpated (Ref. 86798). Landlocked stocks are present in North America (Ref. 1998). Eastern Atlantic: White and Barents Sea basins through northeastern Europe to the Baltic and North Sea basins, including Iceland (Ref. 59043). Introduced to New Zealand, Chile, southern Argentina (Ref. 59043) and Australia (Ref. 6390). Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 2011 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798) FB-Uses-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service 1993 Aquaculture production (1985-1991). FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 5. 213 p. (Ref. 7306) Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Kangur, M., T. Paaver and T. Drevs 2003 Salmon, Salmo salar L. p. 91-97. In E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu and T. Saat (eds). Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 416 p. (Ref. 92381) FB-LifeCycle-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=236&StockCode=250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution At the onset of sexual maturity this species is known to return from the ocean to the river where it was born, and even to its specific natal site (Refs. 7471, 51442). Lacustrine populations move to tributaries (Ref. 59043). Spawning migration into freshwater lasts from June to November. Spawns at 6-10°C (Ref. 89464) in gravel river areas far upstream with moderate to fast-flowing, well-oxygenated waters and a succession of riffles and pools (Refs. 6390, 59043). The female selects a site where the gravel is of the right size and of sufficient depth (0.1 to 0.3 m) (Refs. 7471, 51442) and water depth is around 0.5-3 m (Ref. 35387). The female digs a depression ("redd") by turning on her side and flexing her body up and down, without touching the stones (Ref. 36794). This species spawns in pairs. The male guards and defends the female against other males (Ref. 59043). A female releases between 8,000-25,000 eggs during a spawning season (Ref. 7471, 88187); 500 to 2000 per kg (Ref. 51442). Fertilized eggs sink into the redd and are covered with a layer of gravel (0.1-0.3 m) usually by the male (Refs. 7471, 59043). Females are also observed to cover the eggs. Individual spawning is completed in 2-3 days (Ref. 7471) after a female digging several redds and spawning with several males. Period of spawning lasts for 1-2 weeks. Most males die after spawning, while 10-40% of females may survive and return to the sea in autumn or overwinter in rivers, feed one summer, and migrate again. They may spawn in the year following the first reproduction or may remain at sea for 18 months before returning once more to the river. Of the returning females, about 0.3-6 % spawn a second time and very few spawn a third or fourth time. In short rivers with presumably less exhaustive upstream migration, up to 34% of returning individuals spawn a second time; some individuals may spawn for up to six seasons (Ref. 59043). Eggs hatch in spring, usually after 70-160 days (Ref. 59043). Upon hatching, alevins (i.e. newly-hatched young up to 1 month) are negatively phototactic and move deeper into the gravel (Refs. 58137, 59043). As their yolk sac is absorbed, the fry emerge from the bottom and move to shallow riffles just downstream of their redd (Ref. 59043). Mortality of young individuals during the first months may range from 14-61 % (Ref. 89465). Parr (i.e. juveniles) may remain in freshwater environments for 1-7 years (depending on temperature and feeding conditions) but most stay for 2-3 years. Parr undergo morphological and physiological changes called smoltification which prepares them for life in the sea. At the southern end of their range, many reach a length of 12-15 cm, transform into smolts and are ready for migration in spring of the first year after hatching (Refs. 7471, 51442). At the northern end of the range they may take 5-6 years to reach smolt stage (Ref. 36794). Smolts move towards estuaries, the continental shelf and eventually the open ocean (Ref. 89462). The Atlantic salmon matures between 3-7 years (Ref. 41851). After 1-4 years at sea, it migrates back to the upper reaches of its natal river to spawn (Refs. 59043, 89461). It has an acute sense of smell and it is suggested that it imprints a sequence of odours while inhabiting rivers and during its smolt run. It presumably reverses this sequence to return to its natal site (Ref. 89461). Several studies have shown that smolt runs are strongly correlated to increasing water temperature and water flow during spring (Ref. 89461).There is little evidence of natural spawning by land-locked populations of Atlantic salmon in Australia, and populations are maintained by stocking (Ref. 6390, 26519). Balon, E.K. 1990 Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48. (Ref. 7471) FB-TrophicStrategy-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1992-05-14 00:00:00 2012-02-24 22:35:01 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public salar http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Juveniles feed mainly on aquatic insects and crustaceans. At sea the Atlantic salmon is pelagic, usually found feeding near the surface (Ref. 59043) preying on fish and crustaceans (Ref. 35387). May make long distance feeding migrations while at sea (e.g. individuals from European rivers may migrate to rich feeding grounds around the Faeroes Islands and in western Greenland (Ref. 58137)). Adults do not feed in freshwater during the spawning and post-spawning migrations (Refs. 30578, 51442, 59043). Preyed upon by American mergansers, kingfishers, harbor seals, grey seals, sharks, pollock and tuna. Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström 1974 Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. Collins, London, UK. 244 p. (Ref. 173) FB-Size-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy 150 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251)); 120 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 46.8 kg (Ref. 41037); max. reported age: 13 years (Ref. 274) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) Daymond, J.R. 1963 Family Salmonidae. Sears Found. Mar. Res. Mem. 1(3):457-546. (Ref. 41037) Flower, S.S. 1935 Further notes on the duration of life in animals. I. Fishes: as determined by otolith and scale-readings and direct observations on living individuals. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2:265-304. (Ref. 274) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-236-9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-09 00:00:00 2004-03-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=236&StockCode=250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Edwardsiellosis. Bacterial diseases Plumb, J.A. 1999 Edwardsiella Septicaemias. p.479-521. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48850) FB-Diseases-236-11 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-17 00:00:00 2004-03-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=236&StockCode=250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849) FB-Diseases-236-57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-03-03 00:00:00 2004-03-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=236&StockCode=250 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Epitheliocystis. Bacterial diseases Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l. (Ref. 48851) FB-Habitat-236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-17 00:00:00 2024-01-17 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=236 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses benthopelagic; anadromous (Ref. 92381); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 210 m (Ref. 57178), usually 10 - 23 m Kangur, M., T. Paaver and T. Drevs 2003 Salmon, Salmo salar L. p. 91-97. In E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu and T. Saat (eds). Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 416 p. (Ref. 92381) Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2006 OBIS-extracted Depth Data. Harvested by E.Agbayani July 2006 at www.iobis.org. (Ref. 57178)