FB-2373 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Cichliformes Cichlidae Pseudotropheus Pseudotropheus livingstonii (Boulenger, 1899) Schneckenbuntbarsch Chiheni Mbuna 暗紋擬麗魚 暗纹拟丽鱼 Maylandia livingstonii (Boulenger, 1899) Metriaclima livingstonii (Boulenger, 1899) Pseudotropheus livingstoni (Boulenger, 1899) Pseudotropheus williamsi (non Günther, 1894) Tilapia livingstonei Boulenger, 1899 Tilapia livingstoni Boulenger, 1899 Tilapia livingstonii Boulenger, 1899 1991-03-04 2019-01-31 Konings, A.0 Malawi cichlids in their natural habitat. Verduijn Cichlids, Holland & Lake Fish Movies, West Germany. 303 p. (Ref. 269) Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl0 Aquarien atlas. Band 2. Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde GmbH, Melle, Germany. 1216 p. (Ref. 2060) Konings, A.0 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595) Maréchal, C.0 Pseudotropheus. p. 401-415. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5684) Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp0 A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18(3):147-310. (Ref. 6256) Anonymous0 Fish registrations within the museum database of the Vertebrate Section of the Royal Museum for Central Africa. MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium. (Ref. 12818) Stauffer, J.R. Jr., N.J. Bowers, K.A. Kellogg and K.R. McKaye0 A revision of the blue-black <i>Pseudotropheus zebra</i> (Teleostei: Cichlidae) complex from Lake Malawi, Africa, with a description of a new genus and ten new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 148:189-230. (Ref. 27596) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Gibbons, S.0 Collect fish on stamps. Stanley Gibbons Ltd., London and Ringwood. 418 p. (Ref. 31522) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Nsiku, E.0 Changes in the fisheries of Lake Malawi, 1976-1996: ecosystem-based analysis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 217 p. M.Sc. thesis. (Ref. 33486) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Ambali, A., H. Kabwazi, L. Malekano, G. Mwale, D. Chimwaza, J. Ingainga, N. Makimoto, S. Nakayama, M. Yuma and Y. Kada0 Relationship between local and scientific names of fishes in Lake Malawi/Nyasa. Afr. Stud. Monogr. (22)3:123-154. (Ref. 53836) Snoeks, J. (ed.)0 The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, USA, 360p. (Ref. 55463) Snoeks, J. and M. Hanssens0 The ichthyogeography of Lake Malawi: setting up a framework for the future. p.332-353. In Snoeks, J. (ed.) The cichlid diversity of Lake Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: identification, distribution and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, USA, 360p. (Ref. 55967) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Konings, A.F. and J.R. Stauffer Jr.0 Revised diagnosis of <i>Metriaclima</i> (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with description of a new species from Lake Malawi National Park, Africa. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 17(3):233-246. (Ref. 76849) Condé, B. and J. Géry0 <i>Maylandia</i> Meyer et Foerster, 1984, un nom générique disponible (Teleostei, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Rev. Fr. Aquariol. 26(1-2):21-22. (Ref. 79558) Stauffer, J.R. Jr., A.F. Konings and T.M. Ryan0 Redescription of <i>Pseudotropheus livingstonii</i> and <i>Pseudotropheus elegans</i> from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa 4154(2):169-178. (Ref. 119458) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) FB-GeneralDescr-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:04:20 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 Lives mainly over sand where it finds refuge in the empty shells of the gastropod, Lanistes nyassanus. Also found in intermediate habitats and rarely over rocks. Usually territorial over gastropod shells. When found away from its shell, it is usually solitary or in small groups of less than 5 individuals. Feeds from sand, taking epipelic algae (Ref. 6256). Stauffer, J.R. Jr., A.F. Konings and T.M. Ryan 2016 Redescription of <i>Pseudotropheus livingstonii</i> and <i>Pseudotropheus elegans</i> from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa 4154(2):169-178. (Ref. 119458) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2019-01-31 00:00:00 2019-01-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Diagnosis: This species is distinguished from all other members in Pseudotropheus, except P. crabro, P. demasoni, and P. saulosi, by the presence of five or fewer vertical bars below the dorsal fin; most Pseudotropheus species either have no bars or have greater than five below the dorsal fin (Ref. 119458). It is distinguished from P. crabro, P. demasoni, and P. saulosi by a pale yellow to hyaline dorsal fin vs. dorsal fin heavily pigmented with black (Ref. 119458).Description: Medium-sized to large mbuna, ovoid body with greatest depth between fourth to sixth dorsal spine (Ref. 119458). Dorsal body profile with gradual curve downward posteriorly, more pronounced towards caudal peduncle; ventral body profile almost straight between pelvic fins and base of anal fin with upward taper to caudal peduncle; dorsal head profile rounded, with smooth curve between interorbital and dorsal-fin origin; horizontal eye diameter greater than preorbital depth; eye, along horizontal axis, in center of head; snout straight to slightly concave in some individuals; isognathous jaws; tooth bands with 4-5 rows in upper jaw and 3-5 rows in lower; rows continuous through symphyses; teeth in anterior outer row bicuspid with posterior lateral teeth primarily unicuspid, teeth in inner rows tricuspid (Ref. 119458). Dorsal fin XVII-XIX spines and 9-10 soft rays; anal fin III spines and 8-9 soft rays; first 4-5 dorsal-fin spines gradually longer posteriorly; fourth spine about 2 times length of first spine; last 13 spines slightly longer posteriorly; last spine longest, about 3 times length of first spine; rayed portion of dorsal fin with subacuminate tip in females to pointed tip in males, third or fourth ray longest, to approximately 1/4 length of caudal fin in females and approximately 3/4 length of caudal in in males; anal-fin spines progressively longer posteriorly; third or fourth anal-fin ray longest, 1-2 length caudal fin in both sexes; 0-3 small yellow spots on posterior part of anal fin in females and 0-6 yellow spots on posterior part of anal fin in males; caudal fin subtruncate to slightly emarginate; pelvic fin to first or second spine of anal fin; pectoral fin moderately long and wing-shaped with upper pointed tip, length to vertical line through base of 12th or 14th dorsal-fin spine (Ref. 119458). Flank scales ctenoid with abrupt transition to small scales on breast; 32-35 lateral-line scales; cheek with 3-4 rows of small scales; caudal fin with tiny scales to 1/4 length; no scales on other fins (Ref. 119458). Gill rakers on first ceratobranchial 9-12 (Ref. 119458).Colouration: Recently captured fish with dark brown head, white gular region with gray blotches; black spot on opercle with reflected blue highlights; laterally brown with 4 dark brown bars from dorsal fin to belly; caudal fin with yellow rays and clear membranes; anal fin brown anteriorly to first or second ray, hyaline posteriorly; 0-6 yellow ocelli in rayed portion; pectoral fins with yellow rays and clear membranes; pelvic fins black anteriorly, hyaline posteriorly (Ref. 119458). Female colouration similar to male, not as vivid (Ref. 119458). Stauffer, J.R. Jr., A.F. Konings and T.M. Ryan 2016 Redescription of <i>Pseudotropheus livingstonii</i> and <i>Pseudotropheus elegans</i> from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa 4154(2):169-178. (Ref. 119458) FB-Morphology-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2019-01-31 00:00:00 2019-01-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 17 - 19; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 9 Stauffer, J.R. Jr., A.F. Konings and T.M. Ryan 2016 Redescription of <i>Pseudotropheus livingstonii</i> and <i>Pseudotropheus elegans</i> from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa 4154(2):169-178. (Ref. 119458) FB-Distribution-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:03:46 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Africa: Lake Malawi (Ref. 119458), common in the southeastern and southwestern arms of the lake (Ref. 5684). Stauffer, J.R. Jr., A.F. Konings and T.M. Ryan 2016 Redescription of <i>Pseudotropheus livingstonii</i> and <i>Pseudotropheus elegans</i> from Lake Malawi, Africa. Zootaxa 4154(2):169-178. (Ref. 119458) FB-Uses-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:04:20 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats aquarium: commercial Konings, A. 1990 Ad Konings's book of cichlids and all the other fishes of Lake Malawi. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. 495 p. (Ref. 5595) FB-LifeCycle-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Tom Froese 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:04:20 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2373&StockCode=2567 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Females are mouthbrooders. Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl 1985 Aquarien atlas. Band 2. Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde GmbH, Melle, Germany. 1216 p. (Ref. 2060) FB-TrophicStrategy-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1992-06-18 00:00:00 2000-12-03 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public livingstonii http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton. Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp 1983 A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18(3):147-310. (Ref. 6256) FB-Size-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:04:20 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 15.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5684)) Maréchal, C. 1991 Pseudotropheus. p. 401-415. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 4. (Ref. 5684) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-03-04 00:00:00 2019-01-31 23:04:20 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2373 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size demersal; freshwater; pH range: 8.0 - 9.0; dH range: 12 - 20; depth range 2 - 50 m