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(Ref. 117987) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Last, P.R., S. Weigmann and L. Yang0 Changes to the nomenclature of the skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes). In: Last and Yearsley (eds.). Rays of the World: Supplementary Information. CSIRO Special Publication. 11-34. (Ref. 118749) Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither0 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) Wienerroither R., Johannesen E., Dolgov A., Byrkjedal I., Aglen A., Bjelland O., Drevetnyak K., Eriksen KB., Høines Å., Langhelle G., Langøy H., Murashko P., Prokhorova T., Prozorkevich D., Smirnov O., Wenneck T.0 Atlas of the Barents Sea Fishes based on the winter survey. IMR-PINRO Joint Report Series 2-2013:220 pp. (Ref. 120407) Jørgensen, O.A., C. Hvingel, P.R. Møller and M.A. Treble0 Identification and mapping of bottom fish assemblages in Davis Strait and southern Baffin Bay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62:1833-1852. (Ref. 120413) Sawatzky, C.D., D.A. Boguski, B. Moons, J.D. Reist and K. Martin0 Results of the 2015 general status assessment of selected marine invertebrates, fishes, and marine mammals in DFO's central and Arctic region. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1286:45p. (Ref. 120663) Mecklenburg, C.W., I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, O.V. Karamushko, A. Lynghammar and P.R. Møller0 List of marine fishes of the Arctic region annotated with common names and zoogeographic characterizations. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. (Ref. 120666) Dolgov, A.V.0 Feeding and food consumption by the Barents Sea skates (Elasmobranch Fisheries - Poster). NAFO Serial No. N4714. (Ref. 122982) Johannesen, E., H.L. Mork, K. Korsbrekke, R. Wienerroither, E. Eriksen, M. Fossheim, T. de Lange Wenneck, A. Dolgov, T. Prokhorova and D. Prozorkevich0 Arctic fishes in the Barents Sea 2004-2015: changes in abundance and distribution. IMR/PINRO Joint Report Series 1:50p. (Ref. 123022) ECoF, Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes0 Catalog of Fishes. 1985 - onwards. <b>CITATION NOT TO BE USED OUTSIDE FISHBASE. SEE REMARKS</b>. Authorship varies in time: Eschmeyer, W.N.; Fricke, R.; Van der Laan, R. Web database. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (Ref. 123477) Bergmann, M., N. Langwald, J. Ontrup, T. Soltwedel, I. Schewe, M. Klages and T.W. Nattkemper0 Megafaunal assemblages from two shelf stations west of Svalbard. Marine Biology Research 7:523-539. (Ref. 123538) Dolgov, A.V.0 Annotated list of fish-like vertebrates and fish of the Kara Sea. J. Ichthyol. 53(11):914-922. (Ref. 124011) Wiedmann, M.A., R. Primicerio, A. Dolgov, C.A.M. Ottesen and M. Aschan0 Life history variation in Barents sea fishing: implications for sensitivity to fishing in a changing environmnt. Ecol. Evol. 4(18):3596-3611. (Ref. 124126) Froese, R., N. Demirel, G. Coro and H. Winker0 User Guide for CMSY++. GEOMAR, Germany, 17 p. (Ref. 124174) Compagno, L.J.V.0 Southern African skate biodiversity and distribution. pp. 19-39, In Ebert, D.A. and J.A. Sulikowski.(eds) Biology of Skates. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes 27, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. (Ref. 124218) Chambers, C.A. and T.A. Dick0 Using Environmental Variables to Predict the Structure of Deep-sea Arctic Fish Communities: Implications for Food Web Construction. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 39:1, 2-8 (Ref. 124449) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) FB-pic-2565-39096 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Thorke A.S. Østergaard 2004-04-09 2010-07-28 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Amrad_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Amrad_u1.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Eurybathic, eurythermic (Ref. 4426) and benthic (Ref. 58426). Cold temperate species found in offshore waters (Ref. 88171) on all kinds of bottoms (Ref. 3167), mainly sandy and muddy (Ref. 82311). In the northeast Atlantic most common between 50-100 m depth (Ref. 88187) at temperatures of 2-5 °C (Ref. 89120). Some seasonal migrations have been reported from the western Atlantic (Ref. 52109, 89121). Migration experiments showed that 85 % of tagged individuals remained within 93 km of the release site, with longest distance travelled at 180 km (Ref. 82319). Feed mainly on fish, crustaceans (Ref. 5951) and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578), but also on hydroids, molluscs, cephalopods and echinoderms (Ref. 49751); known to be a scavenger (Ref. 89122). Diet changes with increasing body size (Ref. 82311). Different populations of starry rays mature at different ages and sizes (Ref. 88171). Oviparous (Ref. 3167). Maturity size varies from 44-90 cm TL. Young hatch at ca. 8-12 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Rarely reaches 60 cm in the North Sea (Ref. 88187). Able to detect weak electric fields generated by potential prey organisms and may also generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311). Probably taken by hake trawlers (Ref. 5578). Few are dried and salted in Iceland (Ref. 6902). It is a common Skate whose landings are converted to fish-meal (Ref. 117245). It has been mentioned that North American specimens grow to a larger size than East-Atlantic specimens (Arve Lynghammar, pers.comm., 11/09). McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn 1998 Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-11-25 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Adults are rhomboid in shape, young are rounder (Ref. 7251). Short, stiff, bluntly triangular snout; tail shorter than body (Ref. 5578). Upper surface very rough, with solid thornlets scattered all over disc and tail, underside smooth, except for some prickles on snout; a constant pattern of separate orbital thorns, a regular row of 13-17 large thorns from nape to first dorsal fin (Ref. 3167); large, close-set thorns with star-shaped bases at upper disc (Ref. 5578). Coloration highly variable; brownish grey with scattered irregular black blotches dorsally; white ventrally; with darker spots and blotches on tail and pelvic fins; black spot on tip of tail (Ref. 2708). Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) FB-Morphology-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1996-11-25 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) FB-Distribution-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2023-04-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic. Mecklenburg, C.W., A. Lynghammar, E. Johannesen, I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, A.V. Dolgov, O.V. Karamushko, T.A. Mecklenburg, P.R. Møller, D. Steinke and P.R. Wienerroither 2018 Marine fishes of the Arctic Region.Volume I. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. [CAFF Monitoring Series Report 28:1-454.] (Ref. 119696) FB-Uses-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2565&StockCode=2761 Distinct pairing with embrace. Oviparous, laying 10-45 egg cases each year (Ref. 44869, 41305). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 3.4-8.9 cm long and 2.3-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). In the North Sea, fully formed individuals hatch after 4 months and pups are about 8-11 cm in length (Ref. 44869, 37969). In the Barents Sea, low water temperature may lengthen embryonic development time to 2.5-3 years (Ref. 44869). Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Rajidae. p. 163-196. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 3167) FB-TrophicStrategy-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1995-03-20 00:00:00 2023-02-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public radiata A boreal to arctic species, living offshore on hard and soft bottoms at temperatures of -1.4-14°C. Epi- to mesobenthic, on clay and mud bottom from littoral zone to depths of more than 1,000 meters (Ref. 119696). Seasonal shoaling of juveniles assumed from bulk catch with great concentrations of juveniles found throughout the Gulf of Maine, Massachusetts Bay, the Bay of Fundy, the Scotian Shelf, and the perimeter of Georges Bank during spring and fall seasons; both the spring and fall 1978-2002 Massachusetts inshore trawl surveys show concentrations of juvenile thorny skate around Cape Ann and into Massachusetts Bay, and in Cape Cod Bay (Ref. 49751). Based on tagging experiments, does not appear to make seasonal migrations; known to be rather sedentary (Ref. 86779). Benthic, inhabiting substrates from sand to mud and pebbles to broken shells. Dwells on the continental shelf at depths between 5-1540m. Found in water temperatures between -1.4°C to 14°C. Feeds at a trophic level of about 3.82 (Ref. 117245). Berestovskiy, E.G. 1990 Feeding in the skates, <i>Raja radiata</i> and <i>Raja fyllae</i>, in the Barents and Norwegian Seas. J. Ichthyol. 29(8):88-96. (Ref. 9023) FB-Size-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 105 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 53748)); max. published weight: 11.4 kg (Ref. 53748); max. reported age: 28 years (Ref. 88929) Sulikowski, J.A., J. Kneebone, S. Elzey, J. Jurek, P.D. Danley, W. Huntting Howell and P.C.W. Tsang 2005 Age and growth estimates of the thorny skate (<i>Amblyraja radiata</i>) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 103:161-168. (Ref. 53748) Sulikowski, J.A., J. Kneebone, S. Elzey, J. Jurek, P.D. Danley, W. Huntting Howell and P.C.W. Tsang 2005 Age and growth estimates of the thorny skate (<i>Amblyraja radiata</i>) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 103:161-168. (Ref. 53748) McPhie, R.P. and S.E. Campana 2009 Bomb dating and age determination of skates (family Rajidae) off the eastern coast of Canada. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66 (3):546-560. (Ref. 88929) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2565 demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 5 - 1540 m (Ref. 117245), usually 25 - 440 m (Ref. 114953) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist 2018 Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Toronto (ON, Canada): University of Toronto Press. xiii+618 p. (Ref. 117245) Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor 2016 Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)