FB-2712 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Esociformes Esocidae Esox Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 Svartgjedde Østamerikansk gedde Amerikanischer Hecht Chain pickerel Must haug Mustahauki Brochet maillé Polosataya schuka щука полосатая Kedjepickerell Svartgädda Črna ščuka 暗色狗魚 暗色狗鱼 Esox reticulatus Lesueur, 1818 1991-05-01 2024-08-12 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Welcomme, R.L.0 International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p. (Ref. 1739) Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman0 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184: xi+1-966. (Ref. 1998) Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl0 Aquarien atlas. Bd. 3. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde, Germany. 1104 p. (Ref. 2059) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development0 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. (Ref. 3383) Carlander, K.D.0 Handbook of freshwater fishery biology, Volume 1. The Iowa State University Press, Ames. Iowa. 752 p. (Ref. 3672) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Herke, W.H.0 Comparison of the length-weight relationship of several species of fish from two different, but connected, habitats. Proc. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 13:299-313. (Ref. 3839) Saila, S.B.0 Estimates of the minimum size-limit for maximum yield and production of chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> LeSueur, in Rhode Island. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1(3):195-201. 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Serv. Fish. Leafl. 569. 11 p. (Ref. 39108) Armbruster, D.C.0 Observations on the natural history of the chain pickerel (<i>Esox niger</i>). Ohio J. Sci. 59:55-58. (Ref. 39109) Kendall, W.C.0 The pikes: their geographical distribution, habits, culture, and commercial importance. U.S. Bur. Fish., Doc. 853. U.S. Comm. Fish. Rept (1917), Appendix 5:1-45. (Ref. 39110) Kendall, W.C.0 The Rangely Lakes, Maine; with special reference to the habits of the fishes, fish culture and angling. U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 35:485-594. (Ref. 39111) DeJeane, J.A.0 Some factors affecting the reproduction of the chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> Lesueur, in ponds. Alabama Polytechnic Institute. 52 p. M.S. thesis. (Ref. 39112) Underhill, A.H.0 Studies on the development, growth and maturity of the chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> (Lesueur). J. Wildl. Manage. 13(4):377-391. (Ref. 39113) Lewis, G.E.0 Observations on the chain pickerel in West Virginia. Prog. Fish-Cult. 36:33-37. (Ref. 39114) Sanderson, A.E. Jr.0 An ecological survey of the fishes of the Seven River with reference to the eastern chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> Lesueur and the yellow perch, <i>Perca flavescens</i> (Mitchill). University of Maryland. 47 p. M.S. thesis. (Ref. 39115) Lewis, G.E.0 Life history of the chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> Lesueur, in West Virginia, with emphasis on age and growth. West Virginia University. 93 p. M.S. thesis. (Ref. 39116) Needham, J.G.0 Clean water for New York State. Cornell Rural School Leafl. 13(4):153-182. (Ref. 39117) Miller, J.G.0 Occurrence of the ripe chain pickerel in the fall. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 91(3):323. (Ref. 39118) Wyatt, H.N.0 Southern region fisheries investigations. Life history studies. Ga. Game Fish Comm., D.J. Proj. F-19-R-3, wk. p.2, Job 3:85-10. (Ref. 39120) De Sylva, D.P., F.A. Kalber Jr. and C.N. Shuster Jr.0 Fishes and ecological conditions in the shore zone of the Delaware River estuary, with notes on other species collected in deeper water. Univ. Del. 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Chesapeake Sci. 7(2):75-89. (Ref. 50685) Carl, H.0 Danish fish names. Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Unpublished. (Ref. 51471) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns0 Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2554:iv+89p. (Ref. 52559) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Missouri Department of Conservation0 Fish of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. (Ref. 78789) Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick0 Field guide to fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. JHU Press, 360 p. (Ref. 93252) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante0 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Live in vegetated lakes, swamps, and backwaters and quiet pools of creeks and small to medium rivers (Ref. 26373). Also found in deep, cold water with little or no vegetation (Ref. 39109, 39108). Adults migrate to deeper water during winter (Ref. 39110, 39097, 39111) undertaking shoreward spawning migrations soon after spring ice disappears (Ref. 39109). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Juveniles tend to lie motionless near shore or burrow themselves in mud beneath debris (Ref. 39112). Larvae hide among vegetation (Ref. 39113). Oviparous, with pelagic eggs. Crossman, E.J. 1996 Taxonomy and distribution. p. 1-11. In J.F. Craig (ed.) Pike biology and exploration. Chapman and Hall, London. 298 p. (Ref. 26373) FB-DiagnosticDescr-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 2001-06-22 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Body rather slender, somewhat compressed, deepest near middle. Head large, naked, and depressed above, profile slightly concave over snout; snout long, broad, and rounded; mouth large, nearly horizontal; lower jaw projecting; maxillary extending to, or slightly beyond anterior margin of pupil. Lateral teeth on lower jaw and vomer enlarged. Cheek and opercle fully scaled. Gill rakers on lateral and media surfaces of arches.Pigmentation: Greenish above, sometimes very dark, venter pale; scales above with golden luster; laterally with light areas enclosed by dark chain-like markings; dark upper side interrupted by light vertical bars; suborbital bar almost vertical or with slight posterior slant; rays of dorsal, anal, pectorals, and pelvic fins with light interradial membranes, caudal fin base marbled with dark pigment, tips dusky; pupil of eye yellow. Jones, P.W., F.D. Martin and J.D. Hardy Jr. 1978 Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of eggs, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. 1. Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae. U.S. Fish Wildl. Ser. Biol. Serv. Program FWS/OBS-78/12. 336 p. (Ref. 4639) FB-Morphology-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 2001-06-22 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 17 - 21; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 11 - 13; Vertebrae: 49 - 54 Jones, P.W., F.D. Martin and J.D. Hardy Jr. 1978 Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of eggs, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. 1. Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae. U.S. Fish Wildl. Ser. Biol. Serv. Program FWS/OBS-78/12. 336 p. (Ref. 4639) FB-Distribution-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2016-03-18 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat North America: Nova Scotia, Canada (introduced) to southern Florida, USA; Gulf coast west to Sabine Lake drainage in Louisiana, USA; Mississippi River basin north to Kentucky and Missouri, USA. Introduced to Lakes Ontario and Erie drainages and elsewhere. Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) FB-Uses-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 fisheries: subsistence fisheries; gamefish: yes International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) FB-Migration-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-LifeCycle-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2712&StockCode=2908 Oviparous (Ref. 205). Jones, P.W., F.D. Martin and J.D. Hardy Jr. 1978 Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of eggs, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. 1. Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae. U.S. Fish Wildl. Ser. Biol. Serv. Program FWS/OBS-78/12. 336 p. (Ref. 4639) FB-TrophicStrategy-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Arlene G. Sampang-Reyes 2001-08-15 00:00:00 2007-11-13 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public niger Live in vegetated lakes, swamps, and backwaters and quiet pools of creeks and small to medium rivers (Ref. 26373, 10294). Also found in deep, cold water with little or no vegetation (Ref. 39109, 39108). Adults migrate to deeper water during winter (Ref. 39110, 39097, 39111) undertaking shoreward spawning migrations soon after spring ice disappears (Ref. 39109). Juveniles tend to lie motionless near shore or burrow themselves in mud beneath debris (Ref. 39112). Larvae hide among vegetation (Ref. 39113). Young feed on insects and crustacea (Ref. 10294). Bigelow, H.B., D.M. Cohen, M.M. Dick, R.H. Gibbs Jr., M. Grey, J.E. Morrow Jr., L.P. Schultz and V. Walters 1964 Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part four. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. (Ref. 37473) FB-Size-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 99.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5723)); max. published weight: 4,250 g (Ref. 4699); max. reported age: 9 years (Ref. 12193) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) Hugg, D.O. 1996 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA. (Ref. 12193) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-02 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2712 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription demersal; potamodromous (Ref. 126106); freshwater; pH range: 22.0; depth range ? - 6 m (Ref. 39106) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Underhill, A.H. 1948 Studies on the life history of the chain pickerel, <i>Esox niger</i> Lesueur. Cornell University. 177 p. Ph.D. thesis. (Ref. 39106)