FB-3269 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Gasterosteoidei Gasterosteidae Apeltes Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill, 1815) Czterokolec Firepigget hundestejle Amerikanischer Stichling Vierstachliger Stichling Barnstickle Barnystickle Barnytickle Branchy Branstickle Doctor Fourspine stickleback Four-spined stickleback Prickley Prickly Prickly back Sparnicle Sparny Sparnytickle Spanicle Spannistickle Spanny Spannytickle Spantickle Spawn Spawnykettle Spawnytickle Thorny back Thornback Nelikogalik Épinoche à quatre épines Chetyrekhiglaya kolyushka колюшка четырехиглая Gasterosteus quadracus Mitchill, 1815 1991-05-01 2016-03-28 ASIH (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists)0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom, 15-18 August 1983, La Jolla, California. Spec. Publ. Am. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol. 1:ix, 760 p. (Ref. 63) Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Nigrelli, R.F.0 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London. (Ref. 273) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Pauly, D.0 A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200. (Ref. 312) Schwarz, F.J.0 Age, growth and egg complement of the stickleback <i>Apeltes quadracus</i> at Solomons, Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 6(2):116-118. 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(Ref. 137577) FB-GeneralDescr-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Adults occur mainly along weedy bays and backwaters, entering brackish water and to a limited extent, fresh water (Ref. 3814). They feed along the bottom, primarily on diatoms, worms and crustaceans by sucking in the prey with a pipetting action (Ref. 27549). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) FB-Distribution-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2024-12-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Western Atlantic: Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to North Carolina, USA. Mainly a near-shore marine species, but far inland populations occur in lakes in Nova Scotia in Canada and in Hudson, Delaware and Susquehanna River drainages (Ref. 5723). Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) FB-Uses-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle fisheries: commercial; aquarium: public aquariums Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and K. Traoré 1988 État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 21(3):221-237. Nigrelli, R.F. 1959 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London. (Ref. 273) FB-Migration-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) FB-LifeCycle-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3269&StockCode=3465 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats The male builds, guards and aerates the nest (Ref. 205). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 2003-02-19 00:00:00 2007-08-01 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public quadracus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Occurs mainly along weedy bays and backwaters, entering brackish water and to a limited extent, fresh water. Food in the marine environment includes planktonic gammarids, isopods, chironomids and plants, while larvae of cladoceranas, chironomids, ephemeropterans, arthropods and other insects are eaten by freshwater populations. It is preyed upon by American eels (Anguilla rostrata), killfish (Fundulus), Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) and sticklebacks. Delbeek, J.C. and D.D. Williams 1988 Feeding selectivity of four species of sympatric stickleback in brackish-water habitats in eastern Canada. J. Fish Biol. 32(1):41-62. (Ref. 42285) FB-Size-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription 6.4 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5723)); max. reported age: 3 years (Ref. 12193) Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723) Hugg, D.O. 1996 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA. (Ref. 12193) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-3269 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2025-12-15 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3269 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution benthopelagic; anadromous (Ref. 126106); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 3 m (Ref. 85409) Dean, E.M., A.R. Cooper, L. Wang, W. Daniel, S. David, C. Ernzen, K.B. Gido, E Hale, T.J. Haxton, W. Kelso, N. Leonard, C. Lido, J. Margraf, M. Porter, C. Pennock, D. Propst, J. Ross, M.D. Staudinger, G. Whelan and D.M. Infante 2022 The North American Freshwater Migratory Fish Database (NAFMFD): Characterizing the migratory life histories of freshwater fishes of Canada, the United States of Mexico. J. Biogeography 49:1193-1203. (Ref. 126106) Sargent, P.S., D.A. Methven, R.G. Hooper and C.H. McKenzie 2008 A range extension of the Atlantic silverside, <i>Menidia menidia</i>, to coastal waters of southwestern Newfoundland. Canadian Field-Naturalist 122(4): 338-344. (Ref. 85409)