FB-3804 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Zoarcoidei Pholidae Pholis Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tangsprel Tangsprell Ostropletwiec ostropłetwiec Llyfrothen Almindelig tangspræl Tangspræl Butterfisch Neunauge Butterfish Butter-fish Crinkly dick Gunnel Nine-eyes Rock gunnel Salt-water snake Tansy Tissy Harilik võikala vōikala Tarabrosma Teisti Teistikala Gonelle Sigouine de roche Cadlag Skerjasteinbitur Sprettfiskur taukzivs taukžuvė Atlanticheskiy maslyuk Masljuk Tejstefisk Botervis Botervisch Sleamhnóg Blennius europaeus Olafsen, 1772 Blennius gunnellus Linnaeus, 1758 Blennius muraenoides Zuiew, 1779 Centronotus gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gunnellus affinis Reinhardt, 1837 Gunnellus cornubiensium Seba, 1759 Gunnellus ingens Storer, 1850 Gunnellus macrocephalus Girard, 1850 Gunnellus vulgaris Fleming, 1828 Muraenoides guttata Yarrell, 1836 Muraenoides sujef Lacepède, 1800 Ophidion imberbe Linnaeus, 1758 Ophidium fulvescens Rafinesque, 1810 Ophidium mucronatum Mitchill, 1815 Pholis gunellus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1991-05-01 2015-07-24 Russell, F.S.0 The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. Academic Press, London, UK. 524 p. (Ref. 37) Froese, R. and C. Papasissi0 The use of modern relational databases for identification of fish larvae. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 6(1):37-45. (Ref. 38) Halbeisen, H.-W.0 Bestimmungsschlüssel für Fischlarven der Nordsee und angrenzender Gebiete. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Nr. 178. (Ref. 39) Ehrenbaum, E.0 Eier und Larven von Fischen der deutschen Bucht. III. Fische mit festsitzenden Eiern. Wiss. Meeresunters. Abt. Kiel und Abt. Helgol. (n.s.) 6(2):127-200. (Ref. 66) Perlmutter, A.0 Guide to marine fishes. Bramhall House, New York. 431 p. (Ref. 169) Coull, K.A., A.S. Jermyn, A.W. Newton, G.I. Henderson and W.B. Hall0 Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North Atlantic. Scottish Fish. Res. Rep. (43):80 p. (Ref. 268) Nigrelli, R.F.0 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London. (Ref. 273) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174. (Ref. 276) Linnaeus, C.0 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordinus, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 p. (Ref. 1652) Nijssen, H. and S.J. de Groot0 Catalogue of fish species of the Netherlands. Beaufortia 21(285):173-207. (Ref. 1756) Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814) Hureau, J.-C.0 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. (Ref. 4517) Muus, B. and P. Dahlström0 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) Makushok, V.M.0 Pholididae. p. 1124-1125. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4693) Wheeler, A.0 A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles. J. Fish Biol. 41(suppl.A):1-37. (Ref. 5204) Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott0 Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219:731 p. (Ref. 5951) Koli, L.0 Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland]. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki. 357 p. (in Finnish). (Ref. 6114) Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm0 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302) Grabda, E. and T. Heese0 Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Poland. 171 p. (in Polish). (Ref. 6313) Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray0 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251) Bruce, J.R., J.S. Colman and N.S. Jones0 Marine fauna of the Isle of Man. Memoir No. 36. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. (Ref. 9488) Minchin, D.0 Fishes of the Lough Hyne marine reserve. J. Fish Biol. 31(3):343-352. (Ref. 9610) Flintegård, H.0 Fishes in the North Sea Museum's aquaria. North Sea Museum, North Sea Centre, DK-9850 Hirtshals. Hirtshals Bogtryk/Offset A/S. (Ref. 9900) Nielsen, J.G. and E. Bertelsen0 Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s. (Ref. 9925) Muus, B., F. Salomonsen and C. Vibe0 Grønlands fauna (Fisk, Fugle, Pattedyr). Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S København, 464 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 9926) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. (Ref. 10937) Coad, B.W.0 Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapore. (Ref. 12204) Jonsson, G.0 Islenskir fiskar. Fiolvi, Reykjavik, 568 pp. (Ref. 12462) Eschmeyer, W.N.0 PISCES. Eschmeyer's PISCES database as published on the Internet in June 1997, URL: gopher://gopher.calacademy.org:640/7. (Ref. 12965) Wosnitza, C.V.0 Die Nahrung von Fischbrut in der westlichen Ostee. Ber. dt. wiss. Kommn. Meereforsch. 24:79-92. (Ref. 13424) Nilssen, K.T., T. Haug, V. Potelov, V.A. Stasenkov and Y.K. Timshenko0 Food habits of harp seals (<i>Phaco groenlandica</i>) during lactation and moult in March-May in the southern Barents sea and White sea. ICES. J. Mar. Sci. 52 :33-41. (Ref. 28123) Went, A.E.J.0 List of Irish fishes. Department of Lands, Fisheries Division, Dublin. 31 p. (Ref. 28679) Story, G.M., W.J. Kirwin and J.D.A. Widdowson0 Dictionary of Newfoundland English. 2nd Edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 770 p. (Ref. 28776) Kullander, S.O.0 Swedish fishes: checklist of Swedish fishes. Swedish Museum of Natural History. http://www.nrm.se/ve/pisces/allfish.shtml.en, 25 May 1999. (Ref. 30402) Martin, K.L.M. and C.R. Bridges0 Respiration in water and air. p. 54-78. In M.H. Horn, K.L.M. Martin and M.A. Chotkowski (eds.) Intertidal fishes. Life in two worlds. Academic Press. 399 p. (Ref. 31184) Swedish Museum of Natural History0 Fish collection database of the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History). Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. (Ref. 31402) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Anonymous0 Systematic list of Estonian fishes. World Wide Web Electronic Publication, 14 January 2000. (Ref. 33247) Anonymous0 Systematisk liste over norske fisk registert pr. 1997. http://alun.uio.no/zoomus/generell/avdelinger/fisk/fiskeliste.html (Ref. 33337) Koop, J.H. and R.N. Gibson0 Distribution and movements of intertidal butterfish <i>Pholis gunnellus</i>. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 71(1):127-136. (Ref. 33981) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). The Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL), Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA. (Ref. 34634) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen0 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) Anonymous0 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). (Ref. 35508) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Intitut fur Seefischerei (ISH). BIOLAB Forschungsinstitut, Hohenwestedt, Germany. (Ref. 35509) Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen0 Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea. ICES CM 2000/Mini:11, 15 p. (Ref. 36252) Dolgov, A.V.0 New data on composition and distribution of the Barents Sea ichthyofauna. ICES CM2000/Mini:12, 12p. (Ref. 36372) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein0 Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p. (Ref. 37512) De Gee, A. and A.H. Kikkert0 Analysis of the grey gurnard (<i>Eutrigla gurnardus</i>) samples collected during the 1991 International Stomach Sampling Project. ICES C.M. 1993/G:14. 25 p. (Ref. 37661) Moring, J.R.0 Seasonal absence of fishes in tidepools of a boreal environment (Maine, USA). Hydrobiologia 194(2):163-168. (Ref. 38102) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes. (Ref. 38732) Lazzari, M.A.0 Dynamics of larval fish abundance in Penobscot Bay, Maine. Fish. Bull. 99(1):81-93. (Ref. 39299) Froese, R.0 Moderne Methoden zur Bestimmung von Fischlarven. Faculty of Biology, University of Hamburg. Ph. D. thesis. (Ref. 39373) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Sawyer, P.J.0 Intertidal life-history of the rock gunnel, <i>Pholis gunnellus</i>, in the western Atlantic. Copeia 1967(1):55-61. (Ref. 41270) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria BC, Canada V8V 1X4. (Ref. 42125) Andriyashev, A.P. and N.V. Chernova0 Annotated list of fishlike vertebrates and fish of the Arctic seas and adjacent waters. J. Ichthyol. 35(1):81-123. (Ref. 43202) Gunnarsson, Á and K. Gunnarsson0 Temperature effects on growth and maturity of butterfish (<i>Pholis gunnellus</i>) in Iceland. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 82(5):903-906. (Ref. 45544) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Mecklenburg, C.W.0 Family Pholidae Gill 1893 - gunnels. Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes (9):11. (Ref. 48978) Anonymous0 Welsh names of animals and plants: I Vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. p.17-26. In W.B.L. Evans (ed.) Cyfres enwan (creaduriaid a phlauhigion: I creaduriaid asgwrn-cefn pysgod, amffibiaid, ymlusgiaid, adar a mamaliaid. Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd. (Ref. 50359) Froese, R. and C. Binohlan0 Simple methods to obtain preliminary growth estimates for fishes. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(6):376-379. (Ref. 50578) Louisy, P.0 Guide d'identification des poissons marins. Europe et Méditerranée. Paris: Eds. Eugène Ulmer. (Ref. 50675) Hureau, J.-C. and T. Monod (eds.)0 Supplement. Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. p.339-394. In J.-C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean.United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France. Vols 1-2. 683 p. (Ref. 51024) Thiel, R., H. Cabral and M.J. Costa0 Composition, temporal changes and ecological guild classification of the ichthyofaunas of large European estuaries - a comparison between the Tagus (Portugal) and the Elbe (Germany). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(5):330-342. (Ref. 51031) Mouritsen, R.0 Fiskanøvn. www.frs.fo/frame2.htm (Ref. 51094) Ojaveer, E. and E. Pihu0 Estonian natural fish waters. p. 15-27. In E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu and T. Saat (eds.) Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. (Ref. 52079) Ojaveer, E., E. Pihu and T. Saat0 Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 416 p. (Ref. 52093) Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. ix, 386 p. + 1 CD. (Ref. 52299) Plikss, M.0 Fish of Latvia. http://latvijas.daba.lv/scripts/db/saraksti/saraksti.cgi?d=zivis&l=en. Accessed 24/11/05. (Ref. 55893) Svenning, M.-A., S.E. Fagermo, R.T. Barrettş, R. Borgstrøm, W. Vaderş, T. Pedersen and S. Sandring0 Goosander predation and its potential impact on Atlantic salmon smolts in the River Tana estuary, northern Norway. J. Fish Biol. 66(4):924-937. (Ref. 56067) Greve, W.0 Ökologische Untersuchungen an <i>Pleurobrachia pileus</i> 2. Laboratoriumuntersuchungen. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresuntes. 23:141-164. (Ref. 58242) Coleman, R.M.0 Parental care in intertidal fishes. p. 165-180. In M.H. Horn, K.l. Martin and M.A. Chotkowski (eds.) Intertidal fishes: life in two worlds. Academic Press, USA. 399 p. (Ref. 58332) Altman, P.L. and D.S. Dittmer0 Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Ref. 72462) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis, 29 April 2008. (Ref. 75549) Rätz, H-J.0 Structures and Changes of the Demersal Fish Assemblage off Greenland, 1982-96. NAFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 32:1-15. (Ref. 80685) Rogers, S.I. and R.S. Millner0 Factors affecting the annual abundance and regional distribution of English inshore demersal fish populations: 1973 to 1995. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53:1094-1112. (Ref. 80786) Klenz, B.0 Fischarten der westlichen Ostsee - Untersuchungen von 2000 bis 2002 (Fish species in the western Baltic Sea - Surveys from 2000 to 2002). Inf. Fischwirtsch. Fischereiforsch. 50(3), 2003: 122-125. (Ref. 82151) Rogers, S.I., D. Maxwell, A.D. Rijnsdorp, U. Damm and W. Vanheed0 Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. IV. Can comparisons of species diversity be used to assess human impacts on demersal fish faunas?. Fish. Res. 40(2):135-152. (Ref. 82397) Gomon, M.F.0 A new species of the roughy genus <i>Hoplostethus</i> (Trachichthyidae) off Northwestern Australia. Mem. Mus. Vict. 65:189-194. (Ref. 83593) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2010. (Ref. 83882) Makushok, V.M.0 Pholidae. p. 534-535. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 84783) Collette, B.B. and G. Klein-MacPhee (eds.)0 Bigelow and Schroeder’s fishes of the Gulf of Maine, third ed. Caldwell, N.J. : Blackburn Press, 577 p.: ill.; 27 cm. (Ref. 86779) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, March 2012. (Ref. 90062) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, April 2014. (Ref. 95632) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en, [accessed 13/04/2015]. (Ref. 101110) Pihu, E.0 Loomade elu 4. köide. Kalad. Pihu, E. 1979. Loomade Elu, 4. Köide, Kalad. Valgus, Tallinn. (Ref. 105472) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en (accessed 08/06/2017). (Ref. 115257) Béarez, P., P. Pruvost, É. Feunteun, S. Iglésias, P. Francour, R. Causse, J. De Mazières, S. Tercerie and N. Bailly0 Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium 41(4):351-371. (Ref. 116450) Evseenko, S.A., D.P. Andrianov, A.V. Mishin and A.P. Naumov0 Species composition and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the White Sea in July 2003. Journal of Ichthyology 46(8):640-652. (Ref. 118025) FAO-FIES0 Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list. Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Mecklenburg, C.W., I. Byrkjedal, J.S. Christiansen, O.V. Karamushko, A. Lynghammar and P.R. Møller0 List of marine fishes of the Arctic region annotated with common names and zoogeographic characterizations. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. (Ref. 120666) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-3804-30777 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Thorke A.S. Østergaard 2001-10-09 2001-10-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Phgun_m0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Phgun_m0.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2015-07-24 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Occurs in shallow waters (seashore, tide pools), but descends (especially in winter) to 100 m or more. May remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Ref. 31184). Feeds on small crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks and fish eggs. The eggs are laid on the sea bed in a large clump, which is closely guarded until hatched (Ref. 9900). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). Spawning occur in November - January . Female lays 80-200 eggs in a large ball under a stone or in an empty bivalve shell (Ref. 35388). Makushok, V.M. 1986 Pholididae. p. 1124-1125. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4693) FB-DiagnosticDescr-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Arlene G. Sampang-Reyes 2001-01-30 00:00:00 2001-01-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Ribbon - shaped body with 9 - 13 eye spots along the base of the dorsal fin (Ref. 35388). Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) FB-Distribution-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-02 00:00:00 2007-07-11 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 North Atlantic: Kanin Peninsula southward to La Rochelle (including White Sea, North Sea and Baltic), also Iceland, but not eastern Greenland, Spitzbergen or Novaya Zemlya. Western Atlantic: Labrador, Canada to Delaware Bay, USA (Ref. 7251). Makushok, V.M. 1986 Pholididae. p. 1124-1125. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4693) FB-Uses-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2015-07-24 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial Burgess, W.E., H.R. Axelrod and R.E. Hunziker III 1990 Dr. Burgess's atlas of marine aquarium fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. 768 p. FB-LifeCycle-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2015-07-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3804&StockCode=4000 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Male and female coil around the egg ball (Ref. 58332). Coleman, R.M. 1999 Parental care in intertidal fishes. p. 165-180. In M.H. Horn, K.l. Martin and M.A. Chotkowski (eds.) Intertidal fishes: life in two worlds. Academic Press, USA. 399 p. (Ref. 58332) FB-TrophicStrategy-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1998-06-24 00:00:00 2007-07-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public gunnellus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Occurs in shallow waters (seashore, tide pools), but descends (especially in winter) to 100 m or more. May remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Ref. 31184). Feeds on small crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks and fish eggs. The eggs are laid on the sea bed in a large clump, which is closely guarded until hatched (Ref. 9900). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). Preyed upon by cod and pollock. Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 1 myxosporidian and 1 trematode (Ref. 5951). Wosnitza, C.V. 1975 Die Nahrung von Fischbrut in der westlichen Ostee. Ber. dt. wiss. Kommn. Meereforsch. 24:79-92. (Ref. 13424) FB-Size-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2015-07-24 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats 25.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4693)); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 72462) Makushok, V.M. 1986 Pholididae. p. 1124-1125. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4693) Altman, P.L. and D.S. Dittmer 1962 Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Ref. 72462) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-3804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rainer Froese 1991-05-01 00:00:00 2015-07-24 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3804 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription demersal; non-migratory; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 100 m (Ref. 48978), usually 0 - 30 m (Ref. 35388) Mecklenburg, C.W. 2003 Family Pholidae Gill 1893 - gunnels. Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes (9):11. (Ref. 48978) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)