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Retrieved from htttps://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en [accessed May, 2018] (Ref. 118272) Tsuboi, M., W. van der Bijl, B.T. Kopperud, J. Erritzoe, K.L. Voje, A. Kotrschal, K.E. Yopak, S.P. Collin, A.N. Iwaniuk and N. Kolm0 Breakdown of brain-body allometry and the encephalization of birds and mammals. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:1495-1500. (Ref. 118717) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Beolens, B., M. Grayson and M. Watkins0 Eponym dictionary of Fishes. Dunbeath, Caithness (Scotland, UK): Whittles Publishing Limited, 1300 p. (Ref. 128868) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1964 - onwards. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Ref. 130435) FB-GeneralDescr-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Occurs on continental shelves to depths of at least 200 m (Ref. 6871). Migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in the spring to breed (Ref. 6871). Feeds mainly on shellfish (Ref. 26346). Oviparous (Ref. 50449). Eggs are encased in horny shells (Ref. 205). Flesh is of good eating quality. Males have a small, club-like protuberance on the head and also long copulation organs near the pelvic fins (Ref. 557). Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871) FB-Distribution-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-11-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 Southwest Pacific: southern Australia and New Zealand. Scott, T.D., C.J.M. Glover and R.V. Southcott 1974 The marine and freshwater fishes of South Australia. A.B. James, Government Printer, South Australia. 2nd ed. 392 p. (Ref. 2156) FB-Uses-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial Coleman, N. 1980 Australian sea fishes. Doubleday Australia Pty. Ltd., N.S.W., Australia. (Ref. 1817) FB-Migration-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=4722&StockCode=4944 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in the spring to breed (Ref. 6871). Oviparous, two egg cases (Ref. 26346) are laid on sandy or muddy bottoms and take up to 8 months to hatch (Ref. 6871). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449).Young hatch at about 15 cm (Ref. 26346). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Drina Sta. Iglesia 2000-11-08 00:00:00 2015-03-31 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public milii http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Occurs on continental shelves to depths of at least 200 m. Migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in the spring to breed (Ref. 6871). Feeds mainly on shellfish (Ref. 26346). Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871) FB-Size-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 125 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 26346)) Cox, G. and M. Francis 1997 Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury Univ. Press, Univ. of Canterbury. 68 p. (Ref. 26346) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-4722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1991-11-06 00:00:00 2024-01-23 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4722 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 227 m (Ref. 26346) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Cox, G. and M. Francis 1997 Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury Univ. Press, Univ. of Canterbury. 68 p. (Ref. 26346)