FB-4923 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Epinephelus Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Chemirchorch Mirchorch Mirorch Garoupa panaleira Heuningkoek-klipkabeljou Hamoor Kushar لُؤز قُرص عَسل Baraka Inid Kigting Kugtung Liglig Nga-tauk-tu Lapu-lapu Pugapo Bikage-bars Birdwire rockcod Black-spotted rock-cod Common birdwire rockcod Coral cod Dwarf spotted grouper Dwarf spotted rockcod Dwarf spotter grouper Dwarf-spotted rockcod Honeycomb cod Honeycomb grouper Honeycomb rock cod Honeycomb rockcod Honeycomb rock-cod Honeycombe grouper Reef cod Wire-netted reefcod Wirenetting cod Wire-netting cod Wire-netting rock-cod Kärjekirjaline kivikoha Merra-kivikoha senicauca Senikawakawa Loche rayon de miel Macabit Mérou à treillis Mérou gâteau de cire Plat gris Vieille de fond Vieille pintade Vieille voleuse Lokos Kaumonhata Momo Fullichammam പുള്ളിച്ചമ്മം ഫുല്ലിചമ്മാം Kerapu Kerapu cicak Kerapu lebah Kerapu tutul Kertang Pertang Gatala-aloalo Gatala-pulepule Kivongui Tewa chui Faeta Faroa Maraao Mauriuri Tarao Tarao maraurau Tonu Pulli-cullawah புள்ளீ கலவா  புள்ளி கலவா Bontoo బొంతు   Alatan Baraka Kaltang Kulapo Lapu lapu Lapu-lapu Lapu-lapung liglig Lapu-lapung lupot Lubo Sigapo Cá Mú chấm tổ ong Mero panal Abo-abo Ako Alovo Baghak Bantol Bantulon Bato-bato Batol Bulang Bwaloi Do kuëë Domaine Eno Eno 'Eno Enoeno E'no'Eno E'eno Eve Galiyeshoal Garea Gerape musang Geurape musang Griffin Gurapu meti laran Hiila Iner Jahong Kakab Kakawola Kerapu musang Kertang Kiapu subbo Kugtong Kulapo Kurapo Kurapu Kusele Labungan Lilug Macabi Macabit Macabit blanc Maccabit Maccabit blanc Mamonbong Mantis Maskad Matkad Ngatala N'tséhélé N'Tsehele swayau Ogaw Okke tulareke Pugayo Pulli kossa Salingukod Sai-au Saukoton Sibog Sikkisikkifana Sohazi Sohozi Subla Tabadlo Taleti-on Tarao Tangk-an Te kuau Te ngataliki Ting-ad Tingag Ulehu Vieille grise Vieille voleuse Yániyán yárenómw 牛屎斑 石斑 網紋石斑魚 网纹石斑鱼 花頭梅 蜂巢格仔 蜂巢石斑魚 蜂巢石斑鱼 蝴蝶斑 过鱼 金錢斑 鲙 Cephalopholis merra (Bloch, 1793) Ephinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Epinephalus merra Bloch, 1793 Epinephelus megachir (non Richardson, 1846) Epinephelus mera Bloch, 1793 Epinephilus merra Bloch, 1793 Serranus merra (Bloch, 1793) 1992-01-31 2022-02-09 Smith, M.M. and P.C. 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(Ref. 138103) FB-pic-4923-7330 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-01-15 1996-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_j0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Epmer_j0.gif FB-pic-4923-7331 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1996-01-15 1996-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. 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Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmer_u2.jpg FB-pic-4923-9580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 2000-11-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_u3.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmer_u3.jpg FB-pic-4923-9581 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 1999-07-09 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmer_u4.jpg FB-pic-4923-9582 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-03 1999-06-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_u5.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmer_u5.jpg FB-pic-4923-44319 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-07 2006-04-07 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Epmer_u8.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Epmer_u8.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-01-31 00:00:00 2022-02-09 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration A solitary fish, in coastal and offshore reefs usually in less than 20 m depth (Ref. 90102); also very common in shallow lagoon and semi-protected seaward reefs. Juveniles are common in thickets of staghorn Acropora corals. Feed on crustaceans and fishes. Increase of piscivory with age is observed in this species. Neither opercular spine nor anterolateral glandular grooves with venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Current information in the table (dangerous fish) do not match; needs verification. Cultured under experimental conditions in the Philippines (Ref. 4757). In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). It is important to artisanal fisheries because of its abundance in shallow water and caught with handlines, fish traps, and spear (Ref. 39231). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2019-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size This species is distinguished by the following characters: greatest body depth 2.8-3.3 in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 in SL; preopercle rounded or subangular, the serrae at angle enlarged; upper edge of operculum almost straight; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2-4 rows of teeth, the inner teeth about twice length of outer ones; gill rakers of first gill arch 6-9 + 14-17; dorsal fin spines third to last subequal, the longest 2.4-3.2 in HL; anal fin spines second and third subequal, 2.1-3.0 in HL and longer than depth of peduncle; caudal fin rounded, peduncle depth 3.2-4.1 in HL; pectoral-fin rays 16-18; lateral-line scales 48-54, in series 98-114. Head, body, and fins pale, are covered with close-set (sometimes coalesced), dark brown or reddish brown spots, the interspaces forming an irregular pale reticulum; pectoral fins are covered with distinct small black spots, largely confined to the rays (the best diagnostic colour character of this species) (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Morphology-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-13 00:00:00 2019-02-26 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1999 Serranidae. p. 2442-2547. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Rome, FAO. 2069-2790 p. (Ref. 39231) FB-Distribution-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-01-31 00:00:00 2021-11-16 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Indo-Pacific: South Africa to French Polynesia. Not known from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, nor Asian mainland. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-01-31 00:00:00 2022-02-09 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Quinitio, G.F. and J.D. Toledo 1991 Mariculture techniques for <i>Epinephelus</i> sp. in the Philippines. p. 94-106. In R. Guerrero III and M.P. Garcia, Jr. (eds.) Advances in finfish and shellfish aquaculture. Proc. of the First Philippine and French Technical Workshop on Advances in Finfish and Shellfish Aquaculture. Oct. 24-26, 1990, Los Baños, Laguna, Ph. (Ref. 4757) Allen, G.R. and R.C. Steene 1988 Fishes of Christmas Island Indian Ocean. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 6798, Australia. 197 p. (Ref. 30874) Joannot, P. 1997 List of fishes in the Noumea aquarium. Unpublished. (Ref. 13603) FB-TrophicStrategy-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 1992-08-25 00:00:00 2018-05-28 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ merra Very common in shallow lagoon and semi-protected seaward reefs. Juveniles are common in thickets of staghorn Acropora corals. Increase of piscivory with age is observed in this species. (Ref. 11889). Associated with seagrass (Ref. 118046). Feed on crustaceans, fish and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 11889). Randall, J.E. and V.E. Brock 1960 Observations on the ecology of Epinephelinae and lutjanid fishes of the Society Islands, with emphasis on food habits. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89(1):9-16. (Ref. 6701) FB-Size-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-01-31 00:00:00 2022-02-09 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 36.5 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 125599)); max. published weight: 1,001 g (Ref. 125599) Matthews, T., D. Ochavillo, S. Felise, T. Letalie, E. Letuane, E. Schuster, A. Soonaolo, S. Tofaeono, A. Tua and F. Tuilagi 2019 Length-weight relationships for 71 reef and bottomfish species from Tutuila and Aunu'u, American Samoa. Pacific Islands Fish. Sci. Cent. Admin. Rep. H-19-03, 9 p. (Ref. 125599) Matthews, T., D. Ochavillo, S. Felise, T. Letalie, E. Letuane, E. Schuster, A. Soonaolo, S. Tofaeono, A. Tua and F. Tuilagi 2019 Length-weight relationships for 71 reef and bottomfish species from Tutuila and Aunu'u, American Samoa. Pacific Islands Fish. Sci. Cent. Admin. Rep. H-19-03, 9 p. (Ref. 125599) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-4923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-01-31 00:00:00 2022-02-09 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4923 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat reef-associated; marine; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 20 m (Ref. 5222) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)