FB-5132 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Torpediniformes Torpedinidae Torpedo Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810 Flekket el-rokke Dretwa pstra Dormideira Tremedeira Tremelga Tremelga-marmoreada Treme-mão Tormentim Tormeutim Peshk elektrik i mermerte Peshk elektrik i mermertë Lakhmah Lukmah kahrabaiah Oiwilah'baiah Oiwilah'hmah kahrabaiah Raad Rouh'âd Samtia Tubaq Elektrický rejnok mramorovaný Tremula Morgath drydan fraith Elektrisk rokke Marmoreret elrokke Marmelzitterrochen Marmorierter Zitterrochen Marmor-Zitterrochen Zitterrochen Common crampfish Marbled torpedo Marbled electric ray Numbfish Spotted torpedo Harilik elektrirai Marmorrai Marmorisähkörausku Dali Dourmillouse Dormihouso Endourmidouijda Galina Raie électrique Tremblard Tremble lisse Trembleuse Torpille Torpille marbrée Banjača Drhtulja Tresnavka Battinetta Sa Nacida Sgranfo Tremblo Tremoixe Tremola Tremola janca Torpedine Torpedine bruna Torpedine marezza Torpedine marezzata Torpedine marmorata Tremula Tremula antisicca Tremula biunna Tremula i rina Tremula janca Tremula liscia Tremula marmulina Tremula niura Tremulusa Treppaine Trompigliola Thimithirandi തിമിതിരണ്ടി  തിരണ്ടി Haddiela Haddiela komuni Haddiela tax-xokk Obyknovennyi скат мраморный Marmorerad Marmorerad darrocka Lekeli elektrik balığı Lekelielektrik balığı Lekeliuyuşturan balığı Guetj Meudj mbenjann Ndeugue sokbor Tembladeira Tembladera Tembladora Tremielga Tremolina mármol Tremuló Tremuloya Trimielga Vaca enrampadora Vaca tremoladora Električni skat Gemarmerde sidderrog Jannze Lidéka Marmaromoudiastra Vaca tremolosa Μάργα Μαργωτήρα Μαρμαρομουδιάστρα Μουδιάστρα Ρινόβατος 石紋電鰩 石纹电鳐 Narcacion marmoratus (Risso, 1810) Narcobatus marmoratus (Risso, 1810) Torpedo diversicolor Davy, 1834 Torpedo galvani Risso, 1810 Torpedo immaculata Rafinesque, 1810 Torpedo picta Lowe, 1843 Torpedo punctata Rafinesque, 1810 Torpedo trepidans Valenciennes, 1843 Torpedo vulgaris Fleming, 1828 1992-02-24 2024-08-12 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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(Ref. 137494) FB-pic-5132-18792 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1998-12-21 1999-08-11 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Tomar_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Tomar_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Occurs in seagrass areas, rocky reefs, and adjacent soft bottoms (Ref. 12951). Avoids temperatures above 20°C (Ref. 10011). Nocturnal, usually burying itself during the day with only the eyes and spiracle jutting out (Ref. 12382). Feeds on small benthic fishes Trachurus, Mugil, Mullus, Dicentrarchus, Spondyliosoma, Boops, Labrus, Dascyllus, Pomacentrus) and crustaceans (Ref. 10011). Females outlive males; viviparous, neonates measuring 10-14 cm at birth (Ref. 10426). Produces 2-32 pups in a litter after a 10-month gestation (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Males reaches maturity at ca. 30 cm TL, females at ca. 40 cm TL; born at 10-14 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Electrocytes start developing when the embryo weighs about 1 g; electric organs functional before birth and newborns can use their electric organ discharge (EOD) in capturing prey (Ref. 10428). Can produce electric discharges of up to 200 volts; EOD frequency up to 600 Hz. Jumps on fast-moving prey, paralyzing it with its EOD (Ref. 27000). Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803) FB-DiagnosticDescr-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-05 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Disc-width around the same as its length, length and width 1,50 to 1,70 times in total length; dorsal fins more or less rounded, its base 1,50 times in its height (Ref. 39215). Cadenat, J., C. Capapé and M. Desoutter 1978 Description d'un torpedinidae nouveau des côtes occidentales d'Afrique: <i>Torpedo (Torpedo) bauchotae</i> (Torpediniformes, Pisces). Cybium 2(4):29-42. (Ref. 39215) FB-Morphology-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Gert Boden 2001-07-05 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0; Vertebrae: 104 - 108 Cadenat, J., C. Capapé and M. Desoutter 1978 Description d'un torpedinidae nouveau des côtes occidentales d'Afrique: <i>Torpedo (Torpedo) bauchotae</i> (Torpediniformes, Pisces). Cybium 2(4):29-42. (Ref. 39215) FB-Distribution-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2025-05-20 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Eastern Atlantic: northern UK (less common in southern North Sea and Kattegat) to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; including the Mediterranean Sea. Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel 1984 Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803) FB-Uses-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: of no interest; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) IGFA 2009 Database of IGFA angling records until 2009. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. Göthel, H. 1992 Fauna marina del Mediterráneo. Ediciones Omega, S.A., Barcelona. 319 p. (Ref. 12382) FB-LifeCycle-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=5132&StockCode=5368 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-09-29 00:00:00 2001-05-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public marmorata http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Inhabits coral reefs between the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea (Ref. 9137). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). Abdel-Aziz, S.H. 1994 Observations on the biology of the common torpedo (<i>Torpedo torpedo</i>, Linnaeus, 1758) and marbled electric ray (<i>Torpedo marmorata</i>, risso, 1810) from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45(4):693-704. (Ref. 13417) FB-Size-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 100.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 27000)); max. published weight: 3,000 g (Ref. 35388) Reiner, F. 1996 Catálogo dos peixes do arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Publ. Avuls. Inst. Port. Invest. Mar. 2:339 p. (Ref. 27000) Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-5132 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-02-24 00:00:00 2024-08-12 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5132 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 2 - 370 m (Ref. 4430) Capapé, C. and M. Desoutter 1990 Torpedinidae. p. 55-58. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4430)