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	<dc:identifier>FB-63331</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63331</dc:source>
	<dwc:Kingdom>Animalia</dwc:Kingdom>
	<dwc:Phylum>Chordata</dwc:Phylum>
	<dwc:Class>Teleostei</dwc:Class>
	<dwc:Order>Cypriniformes</dwc:Order>
	<dwc:Family>Xenocyprididae</dwc:Family>
	<dwc:Genus>Hemiculter</dwc:Genus>
	<dwc:ScientificName>Hemiculter varpachovskii Nikolskii, 1903</dwc:ScientificName>
	<commonName xml:lang='en'>Roughnose stingray</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='et'>Karekoon-naaskelrai</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Pari</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang='ms'>Pari daun</commonName>
	<commonName xml:lang=''>Pari bendara</commonName>
	<dcterms:created>2007-03-27</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2021-10-29</dcterms:modified>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58027&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., B.M. Manjaji and G.K. Yearsley0 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus solocirostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new species of stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Zootaxa 1040:1-16. (Ref. 58027)</reference>
	<reference isbn='1 86320 516 0' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58048&amp;speccode=63343'>White, W.T., P.R. Last, J.D. Stevens, G.K. Yearsley, Fahmi and Dharmadi0 Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. [Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia]. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. (Ref. 58048)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=84288&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R. and B.M. Manjaji-Matsumoto0 Description of a new stingray, &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus gracilicaudus&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov. (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes), based on material from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. pp. 115-128. In Last, P.R., White, W.T. &amp; Pogonoski, J.J. (eds.): Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32. (Ref. 84288)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=84289&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., Fahmi and G.J.P. Naylor0 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus stellurostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from Indonesian Borneo. pp. 129-140. In Last, P.R., White, W.T. &amp; Pogonoski, J.J. (eds.): Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32. (Ref. 84289)</reference>
	<reference isbn='978-983-9114-46-1' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=85449&amp;speccode=63343'>Department of Fisheries Malaysia0 Valid local name of Malaysian marine fishes. Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 180 p. (Ref. 85449)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=105471&amp;speccode=63343'>eElurikkus0 eElurikkus koondab ühte portaali Eesti eluslooduse andmed. http://elurikkus.ut.ee/ (Ref. 105471)</reference>
	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=132125&amp;speccode=63343'>Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (&lt;i&gt;Raja clavata&lt;/i&gt;) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125)</reference><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-GeneralDescr-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Estelita Emily Capuli</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-04-11 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-25 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Biology</dc:title>
	<dc:language></dc:language>
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	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63343</dc:source>
	<dc:description>Found most abundant near the coast in regions of high riverine outflow.  Largest immature male was found to be 27.5 cm WD.  No data on size at birth, with smallest specimen 13.2 cm WD of a late male embryo (Ref. 58027). Data for Max.Length of female from Ref.58027. Caught occasionally by bottom trawl and demersal gillnet fisheries operating off Sumatra and Kalimantan. Utilized for its meat and probably its skin (Ref.58048).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58027&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., B.M. Manjaji and G.K. Yearsley 2005 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus solocirostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new species of stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Zootaxa 1040:1-16. (Ref. 58027)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-DiagnosticDescr-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Estelita Emily Capuli</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-04-11 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2017-11-15 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63343</dc:source>
	<dc:description>A small species with the following diagnostic characters:  acute snout, angle less than 110°, covered to apex with enlarged denticles; disc length 94-101% WD; head length 47-51% WD; preoral length 21-25% WD; distance between nostrils 9-11% WD; distance between first gill slits 20-25% WD; tail moderately  compressed above the midbase of the ventral cutaneous fold, width 0.7-0.9 times its height; ventral fold slender, its length 1.1-1.3 times WD, 32-41 times its depth below its midbase; ventral fold depth 1.8-2.4 times tail height at its midbase; distance from cloaca to sting 0.9-1 in precloacal length; 1-3 nuchal thorns, largest pearl-shaped; pectoral fin radials 113-120; monospondylous vertebral centra 35-38 (Ref. 58027).</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58027&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., B.M. Manjaji and G.K. Yearsley 2005 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus solocirostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new species of stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Zootaxa 1040:1-16. (Ref. 58027)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Distribution-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Estelita Emily Capuli</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-04-11 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2025-11-05 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63343</dc:source>
	<dc:description>Western Pacific:  Malaysian Borneo and Indonesia.</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58027&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., B.M. Manjaji and G.K. Yearsley 2005 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus solocirostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new species of stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Zootaxa 1040:1-16. (Ref. 58027)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-TrophicStrategy-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Grace Tolentino Pablico</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-05-03 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2007-05-03 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<dc:source>solocirostris</dc:source>
	<dc:description>Found most abundant near the coast in regions of high riverine outflow (Ref. 58027).</dc:description>
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	<thumbnailURL></thumbnailURL>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58027&amp;speccode=63343'>Last, P.R., B.M. Manjaji and G.K. Yearsley 2005 &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus solocirostris&lt;/i&gt; sp. nov., a new species of stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Zootaxa 1040:1-16. (Ref. 58027)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Size-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Estelita Emily Capuli</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-04-11 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-25 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Max. size</dc:title>
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	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63343</dc:source>
	<dc:description>45.0 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 58048)); 44.6 cm WD (female)</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='1 86320 516 0' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58048&amp;speccode=63343'>White, W.T., P.R. Last, J.D. Stevens, G.K. Yearsley, Fahmi and Dharmadi 2006 Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. [Hiu dan pari yang bernilai ekonomis penting di Indonesia]. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. (Ref. 58048)</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Threats-2</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Belen Acosta</agent>
	<dcterms:created>1990-10-18 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-07 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
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	<dcterms:bibliographicCitation></dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2</dc:source>
	<dc:description>Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group</dc:description>
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	<reference isbn='' url='http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073'>IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.</reference></dataObject><dataObject>
	<dc:identifier>FB-Habitat-63343</dc:identifier>
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	<agent homepage='' logoURL='' role='recorder'>Estelita Emily Capuli</agent>
	<dcterms:created>2007-04-11 00:00:00</dcterms:created>
	<dcterms:modified>2024-03-25 00:00:00</dcterms:modified>
	<dc:title>Environment</dc:title>
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	<dc:source>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=63343</dc:source>
	<dc:description>demersal; brackish; marine</dc:description>
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