FB-6457 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Perciformes/Serranoidei Epinephelidae Chromileptes Chromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) Meleches Garoupa corcunda Boggel-klipkabeljou لُؤز أَحْدَب Amidon Baraka Bulgan Inid Kigting Kugtung Manutsot Muyopuyo Sarungsong Nga-tauk-tu Badiangon Milo-milo Panter Kamelbars Kamelfisk Grace Kelly Zackenbarsch Baramundi cod Barramundi cod Barramundi rock-cod Barrimundi cod Barrmundi cod Bleeker's group Flatfish grouper Grouper Highfinned grouper High-finned grouper Humpback grouper Humpback rockcod Hump-back rock-cod Humpback sea bass Humpback seabass Humpback sea-bass Humpbacked cod Panther grouper Pantherfish Plum pudding cod Polka dot cod Polkadot grouper Polka-dot grouper Red fish Seabass Grisette Loche truite Loche voile Mérou bossu Liglig Sarasa-hata Kalava കലവ Gracekelly Kerapu Kerapu belida Kerapu siakap Kerapu sonoh Kerapu tikus Kko Kupin Leopardabborre Alatan Apahap Kaltang Kulapo Lapolapong manotchot Lapu lapu Lapu-lapu Lapu-lapung lupot Lapu-lapung señorita Lubo Sigapo Cá Mú dẹt Mero jorobado Abo-abo Bantol Bato-bato Batol Demara Dhagay Iga piu Iner Jahong Kakab Kiapu kamudi Kiapu tikus Kiriwa Kubing Kugtong Kulapo kubing Kurapo Kurapu Labungan Lapu-lapu Lilug Mamonbong Mantis Maskad Matkad Mero-mero Milô-milô Miro-miro Mwananuya Ogaw Okke beka Pore Pugapo Pugayo Salingukod Señorita Sibog Sogilo ni kolo Subla Tabadlo Tangk-an Ting-ad Tingag 石斑 老鼠斑 过鱼 過魚 駝背鱸 駝背鱸(扁鮨) 驼背鲈 驼背鲈(扁鮨) 鱠 鲙 Cromileptes altiveles (Valenciennes, 1828) Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) Cromileptis altivales (Valenciennes, 1828) Cromileptis altiveles (Valenciennes, 1828) Cromileptis altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) Serranus altivelis Valenciennes, 1828 1992-10-13 2017-06-07 Coppola, S.R., W. 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(Ref. 130828) Price, S.A., S.T. Friedman, K.A. Corn, O. Larouche, K. Brockelsby, A.J. Lee, M. Nagaraj, N.G. Bertrand, M. Danao, M.C. Coyne, J.R. Estrada, R. Friedman, E. Hoeft, M. Iwan, D. Gross, J.H. Kao, B. Landry, M.J. Linares, C. McGlinn and …0 FishShapes v1: Functionally relevant measurements of teleost shape and size on three dimensions. Ecology 103(e3829):1-2. (Ref. 137577) FB-pic-6457-9372 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-03-01 1999-06-21 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cralt_u4.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Cralt_u4.jpg Locality: One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. FB-pic-6457-10514 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cralt_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Cralt_u0.gif FB-pic-6457-12179 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-10-26 2012-04-19 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cralt_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Cralt_u1.jpg FB-pic-6457-12181 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-10-26 2006-06-16 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cralt_j0.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Cralt_j0.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-13 00:00:00 2017-06-07 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Generally inhabit lagoon and seaward reefs and are typically found in dead or silty areas (Ref. 9710). Also found around coral reefs and in tide pools. Growth is very slow. Feed on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 37816). Artificial spawning was accomplished in the work of Tang et al. 1979 (Ref. 6568) where buoyant eggs measured 0.80-0.83 mm in diameter with a single oil droplet. Larvae died 7 days after hatching. Juveniles are commonly caught for the aquarium trade while adults are utilized as food fish (Ref. 9710). Sold in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-DiagnosticDescr-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2013-08-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 This species is easily distinguished by its extreme smallness of size of the anterior part of the head as compared to the elevated postorbital part; absence of canine teeth, except for a very small pair at the front of the upper jaw; D X, 17-19; A III, 10 (rarely 9); a slit-like posterior nostril; color greenish white to light greenish brown with scattered round black spots on head, body, and fins, with body spots generally larger than those on head and fins; about 9 large roundish dusky blotches may be present on body, with some extending partly into base of dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 5222); characterized further by having moderately deep body, greatest depth 2.5-3.0 in SL; small eyes; concave dorsal profile of head; rounded caudal fin (Ref. 90102). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Morphology-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1994-06-09 00:00:00 2013-08-29 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 17 - 19; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9 - 10 Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Distribution-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-13 00:00:00 2025-11-06 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Western Pacific: southern Japan to Palau, Guam, New Caledonia and southern Queensland, Australia. Eastern Indian Ocean: Nicobar Islands to Broome, Western Australia. Reports from western Indian Ocean (Heemstra and Randall 1984, 1986, Ref. 3153 and 4319 respectively) are unsubstantiated, except one from Kenya (Smith 1954, Ref. 6514) which seems valid. Records from Hawaii are probably based on released aquarium fishes (Ref. 4787). Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Uses-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-13 00:00:00 2017-06-07 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su and E.Y. Chang 2001 Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31. (Ref. 40297) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-TrophicStrategy-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1997-03-25 00:00:00 2007-08-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public altivelis http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose 1984 Food habits of teleostean reef fishes in Okinawa Island, southern Japan. University of Tokyo Bulletin, no. 25. v,128p. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan. 128 p. (Ref. 6110) FB-Size-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-13 00:00:00 2017-06-07 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology 70.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5222)) Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-6457-1240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Balloon like Abdomen. Others Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1241 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Bend of Spinal Cord. Others Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-674 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Caligus Infestation 12. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1226 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Capsalid Monogenean Infection 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1239 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Congenital Vertebral Deformity and Spinal cord Abnormality. Others Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-15 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology Fish Leech Infestation (Hirudinea sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1235 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-21 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Flexibacter maritimus Infection. Bacterial diseases Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1236 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 Nutritional Myopathy. Nutritional deficiencies Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1238 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Operculum Deformity. Others Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1242 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Pop-eye Disease 2. Others Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1225 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-23 00:00:00 2004-04-23 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Viral Nervous Necrosis Disease. Viral diseases Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Diseases-6457-1237 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Allan Palacio 2004-04-22 00:00:00 2004-04-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=6457&StockCode=6779 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Vitamin B1 Deficiency. Nutritional deficiencies Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F. Johnny, [N.] Zafran and K. Yuasa 2001 Manual for fish disease diagnosis: Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, Central Research Institute for Fisheries, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency, Indonesia. 57 p. (Ref. 48690) FB-Habitat-6457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Estelita Emily Capuli 1992-10-13 00:00:00 2017-06-07 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6457 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription reef-associated; marine; depth range 2 - 40 m (Ref. 9710), usually 5 - 25 m (Ref. 90102) Lieske, E. and R. Myers 1994 Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Haper Collins Publishers, 400 p. (Ref. 9710) Allen, G.R. and M.V. Erdmann 2012 Reef fishes of the East Indies. Perth, Australia: Universitiy of Hawai'i Press, Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research. (Ref. 90102)