FB-8232 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Kurtiformes Apogonidae Apogonichthyoides Apogonichthyoides niger (Döderlein, 1883) Cardinalfish Dark Cardinalfish Kuro-ishimochi 먹얼게비늘 Sebekah Sebekah ekor cerah Seriding Semangka 印度梳蘿 大目侧仔 大目側仔 大面侧仔 紫梳蘿 黑天竺鯛 黑天竺鲷 Apogon niger Döderlein, 1883 1993-08-17 2010-02-08 Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen0 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) Thresher, R.E.0 Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Neptune City, New Jersey. 399 p. (Ref. 240) Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino0 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) Masuda, H., C. Araga and T. Yoshino0 Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 382 p. (Ref. 637) Shen, S.C. (ed.)0 Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei. 960 p. (Ref. 5193) Mohsin, A.K.M., M.A. Ambak and M.N.A. Salam0 Malay, English, and scientific names of the fishes of Malaysia. Occas. Publ. Fac. Fish. Mar. Sci. Univ. Pertanian Malays. 11:226 p. (Ref. 5756) Shao, K.-T. and J.-P. Chen0 Ten new records of cardinalfishes from Taiwan, with a synopsis of the family Apogonidae. J. Taiwan Mus. 39(2):61-104. (Ref. 9147) Okiyama, M.0 An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 1154 p. (Ref. 9902) Mohsin, A.K.M. and M.A. Ambak0 Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia. 744 p. (Ref. 27550) Ni, I.-H. and K.-Y. Kwok0 Marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. Zool. Stud. 38(2):130-152. (Ref. 31075) Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan. 1028 p. (Ref. 31517) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). (Ref. 31982) Randall, J.E. and K.K.P. Lim (eds.)0 A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. (8):569-667. (Ref. 36648) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 36670) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. (Ref. 40919) Anonymous0 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA. (Ref. 41414) Chang, K.-H., S.-C. Lee and K.-T. Shao0 A list of forty newly recorded coral fishes in Taiwan. Bull. Inst. Zool., Academia Sinica 17(1):75-78. (Ref. 43514) Shao, K.-T., C.-P. Lin, L.-T. Ho and P.-L. Lin0 Study on the fish communities from northern and southern waters of Taiwan by analyzing the impingement data. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 17(2):73-90. (Ref. 43538) Fishelson, L., M. Goren and O. Gon0 Black gut phenomenon in cardinal fishes (Apogonidae, Teleostei). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 161:295-298. (Ref. 46685) Anonymous0 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. (Ref. 47438) Chen, C.-H.0 Checklist of the fishes of Penghu. FRI Special Publication No. 4. 175 p. (Ref. 55073) Chinese Academy of Fishery Science (CAFS)0 Database of genetic resources of aquatic organisms in China (as of January 2007). Chinese Academy of Fishery Science. (Ref. 57879) Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences0 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn (Ref. 58108) Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim and J.H. Kim0 Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Pub Co. Seoul. 615p. (in Korean). (Ref. 77001) Fraser, T.H. and G.R. Allen0 Cardinalfish of the genus <i>Apogonichthyoides</i> Smith, 1949 (Apogonidae) with a description of a new species from the West-Pacific region. Zootaxa 2348:40-56. (Ref. 83499) Department of Fisheries Malaysia0 Valid local name of Malaysian marine fishes. Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 180 p. (Ref. 85449) Cornish, A.S.0 Fish assemblages associated with shallow, fringing coral communities in sub-tropical Hong Kong: species composition, spatial and temporal patterns. Hong Kong: Pok Fu Lam, University of Hong Kong, PhD Thesis, 300 p. (Ref. 94637) Mabuchi, K., T.H. Fraser, H. Song, Y. Azuma and M. Nishida0 Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa 3846(2):151-203. (Ref. 96888) Wilson, K.D.P.0 Artificial reefs and reef fish in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Friends of the Country Parks & Cosmos Books Ltd., 176p. (Ref. 119494) Tam, T.-W. and P.O. Ang Jr.0 Structures, dynamics and stability of reef fish assemblages in non-reefal coral communities in Hong Kong, China. Aquatic. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 19(3):301-321. (Ref. 119714) Fok, M.-S.M.0 Baseline survey of fish juvenile assemblages in Tolo Harbour and Channel, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Pok Fu Lam, University of Hong Kong, MSc Thesis, 163 p. (Ref. 125536) Tam, M.C.0 Fish assemblages in fished and protected areas of Tung Ping Chau Marine Park, Hong Kong SAR. Hong Kong: Sha Tin, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, MSc Thesis, 308 p. (Ref. 125586) Leung, A.W.Y.0 The epibenthic ichthyofauna of Tolo Harbour and Hong Kong's northeastern waters: a long term record of change. pp. 463-487 In B. Morton (ed.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China IV, Proceedings of the Eight International Marine Biological Workshop, Hong Kong, 2-20 April 1995. Hong Kong University Press. (Ref. 126271) IUCN0 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/>. Downloaded 10 Jan 2023. (Ref. 126983) To, A.W.L., K.S.H. Ching and S.K.H. Shea0 Hong Kong reef fish photo guide. Eco-Education and Resources Centre (Ref. 128523) Cornish, A.S.0 The reef fish species of the Cape D' Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Yan Chau Tong Marine Park and Ping Chau, Hong Kong. pp. 369-382 In B. Morton (ed.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V, Proceedings of the Tenth International Marine Biological Workshop, Hong Kong, 6-26 April 1998. Hong Kong University Press. (Ref. 129329) Zhao, R., B. Kang, Y. Chen, V.T.T. Lam, Y.H. Yeung, L.W.H. Li, K.M.Y. Leung and M. Yan0 Multifaceted biological indicators reveal an effective conservation scheme for marine protected areas. Ecol. Indic. 166(112389):1-11. (Ref. 137701) FB-GeneralDescr-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-08-17 00:00:00 2010-02-08 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Occurs solitarily around boulders scattered on sandy and muddy bottoms in bays. Breeding occurs from July to September. Males brood eggs in the mouth (Ref. 559). Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) FB-DiagnosticDescr-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1996-07-24 00:00:00 1996-07-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription Body depth high and each fin rounded. Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) FB-Morphology-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Rodolfo B. Reyes 1996-07-24 00:00:00 1996-07-24 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 Dorsal spines (total): 8; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 8 Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) FB-Distribution-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-08-17 00:00:00 2023-07-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Northwest Pacific: Japan (from Kanagawa Prefecture and the Goto Islands southward), Taiwan, and the South China Sea. Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559) FB-LifeCycle-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1993-08-17 00:00:00 2010-02-08 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=8232&StockCode=8545 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Mouthbrooders (Ref. 240). Distinct pairing during courtship and spawning (Ref. 205). Males were reported to release hatched larvae after sunset due to a lower chance of predation (Ref. 128523). Thresher, R.E. 1984 Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Neptune City, New Jersey. 399 p. (Ref. 240) FB-TrophicStrategy-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 2004-02-11 00:00:00 2023-07-10 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public niger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TrophicStrategy Exhibits the black gut phenomenon. In nocturnal predators, it appears to serve to conceal bioluminiscent prey in the stomach cavity (Ref. 46685). Can occur singly or in pairs (Ref. 128523). Fishelson, L., M. Goren and O. Gon 1997 Black gut phenomenon in cardinal fishes (Apogonidae, Teleostei). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 161:295-298. (Ref. 46685) FB-Size-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-08-17 00:00:00 2010-02-08 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size 8.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 637)) Masuda, H., C. Araga and T. Yoshino 1975 Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 382 p. (Ref. 637) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-8232 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Pascualita Sa-a 1993-08-17 00:00:00 2010-02-08 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=8232 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat demersal; marine