FB-874 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=874 Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes, 1839) Kooseh Sag Mahi Zarlacz wielkoglowy a. tepoglowy Cabeça chata Cação Cação-fidalgo Cação-flamengo Marracho touro Sicuri-branco Tubaráo Tubarão-buldogue Bulhaai Zambesihaai Jarjur Blåhaj Tyrehaj Grundhai Stierhai Bull shark Bullshark Cub shark Estuary shark Estuary whaler shark Freshwater whaler Ground shark Hervey Bay whaler shark River whaler River whaler shark Shark Swan River whaler Swan river whaler Swan river whaler shark Zambezi shark Tömpnina-hallhai Nkwégnan Qio qiō tovuto Härkähai Requin bouledogue Requin boule-dogue Requin chasseur Requin-bouledogue Cucut bekeman Hius buas Oomejiro zame Ushi zame Jerung Jerung sapi Yu Yu bekeng Yu ganas Yu garang Boriloha Pas trupan Malie Tjurhaj Pating Chararm Hua-bart Köpek baligi türü Cá Mập lơ - ca Gaïdé guedj Cabeza de batea Cazón Chato Lamia Madrecazón Sarda Tiburón Tiburón chato Tiburón gris Tiburón ñato Tiburon sarda Tiburón sarda Tiburón toro Toro Xmoa Ehouatagbo Ivanga sheu Macipunde Madjibundi Morski bik Ngan.gu Ngangu Ngawoonkoo Nkondjé Pattamó Stierhaai Trey chhlarm كوسه 低鰭真鯊 低鳍真鲨 公牛白眼鮫 公牛白眼鲛 圆吻真鲨 圓吻真鯊 大沙 尼加拉瓜真鯊 尼加拉瓜真鲨 Carcharhinus amboinensis (non Müller & Henle, 1839) Carcharhinus azureus (Gilbert & Starks, 1904) Carcharhinus nicaraguensis (Gill, 1877) Carcharhinus platyodon Poey, 1860 Carcharhinus vanrooyeni Smith, 1958 Carcharhinus zambezensis (Peters, 1852) Carcharias azureus Gilbert & Starks, 1904 Carcharias brachyurus (non Günther, 1870) Carcharias leucas Valenciennes, 1839 Carcharias spenceri Ogilby, 1910 Carcharias zambesensis Peters, 1852 Carcharias zambezensis Peters, 1852 Carcharicus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) Carcharinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) Carcharinus zambesensis (Peters, 1852) Carcharinus zambezensis (Peters, 1852) Eulamia nicaraguensis Gill, 1877 Galeolamna bogimba Whitley, 1943 Galeolamna greyi mckaili Whitley, 1945 Galeolamna lamia (non Blainville, 1816) Galeolamna leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) Galeolamna mckaili Whitley, 1945 Galeolamna stevensi (non Ogilby, 1911) Prionodon platyodon Poey, 1860 Squalus obtusus Poey, 1861 Squalus platyodon (Poey, 1860) 1992-06-15 2024-01-22 Coppola, S.R., W. 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Gardner0 Movement of the bull shark (<i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>) in the upper MississippiRiver Basin, North America. Mar. Fish. Sci. 34(2):263-267. (Ref. 124548) Caillouet, C.W. Jr., W.S. Perret and B.J. Fontenot Jr.0 Weight, length, and sex ratio of immature bull sharks, <i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>, from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. Copeia 1969(1):196-197. (Ref. 126338) Pardo, S.A., A.B. Cooper, J.D. Reynolds and N.K. Dulvy0 Quantifying the known unknowns: estimating maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in the face of uncertainty. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 75(3):953-963. (Ref. 127272) Fermon, Y., N. Bailly, F. Cardiec, R. Causse, E. Chartrain, L. Chirio, G. De Bruyne, P. Deynat, C.D. Hopkins, A. Lamboj, M.I. Mennesson, J.-H. Mve Beh, D. Paugy, B. Sidlauskas, J.P. Sullivan, J.-P. Van de Weghe, T.R. Vigliotta and Van der Zee0 An annotated checklist of the fishes of Gabon. Cybium 46(2-3):69-317. (Ref. 127434) CITES0 Appendices I, II and III valid from 11 January 2023 and 25 November 2023. UNEP. (Ref. 128078) Marčeta, B. and K. Pliberšek (eds)0 BiosWeb. Biological database of the Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia. Ljubljana, Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia, 2014. (www.biosweb.org. updated 13/04/2023). (Ref. 128520) Ortega, L.A., M.R. Heupel, P.V. Beynen and P.J. Motta0 Movement patterns and water quality preferences of juvenile bull sharks (<i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>) in a Florida estuary. Environ. Biol. Fish. 84:361-373. (Ref. 129079) Altobelli, A.N.0 Acoustic telemetry of shark movements and residency near artificial habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Auburn University, PhD. 75 p. (Ref. 129286) Lowerre‐Barbieri, S.K., C. Friess, L.P. Griffin, D. Morley, G.B. Skomal, J.W. Bickford, N. Hammerschlag, M.J. Rider, M.J. Smukall, M.P. van Zinnicq Bergmann, T.L. Guttridge, A. Kroetz, D. Grubbs, C.L. Gervasi, J.S. Rehage and G.R…. Poulakis0 Movescapes and eco-evolutionary movement strategies in marine fish: assessing a connectivity hotspot. Fish and Fisheries, 22(6):1321-1344. (Ref. 129954) CITES0 Appendices I, II and III. UNEP. (Ref. 131153) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) FB-pic-873-4133 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-29 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Caleu_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Caleu_u1.gif FB-pic-873-8504 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg John E. Randall 1996-02-14 2008-07-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#DiagnosticDescription http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Caleu_u1.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Caleu_u1.jpg FB-pic-873-10427 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif Robbie N. Cada 1993-07-01 2008-06-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Image can be freely copied and altered, as long as original author and source are properly acknowledged. WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Morphology http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Caleu_u0.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Caleu_u0.gif FB-GeneralDescr-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution A coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Ref. 244). It readily penetrates far up rivers and hypersaline bays and littoral lagoons (Ref. 9997, 44894, 81283). Capable of covering great distances (up to 180 kilometers in 24 hours), moving between fresh and brackish water at random (Ref. 44894). Adults often found near estuaries and freshwater inflows to the sea; young enter rivers and may be found hundreds of km from the sea (Ref. 4967, 44894, 58304). Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, mantis shrimps, crabs, squid, sea snails, sea urchins, mammalian carrion, sea turtles, and occasionally garbage (Ref. 244, 5578, 44894). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Gives birth to litters of up to 13 young (Ref. 26938, 44894). Size at birth is 56-81 cm TL (Ref. 81623). Sexual maturity is attained after 10-15 years (at a length between 160-200 centimeters) (Ref. 44894). Though not commercially important, this species is a good food fish (Ref. 12484). Utilized fresh, fresh-frozen or smoked for human consumption, fins for soup, hide for leather, liver for oil, and carcass for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Very hardy and lives well in captivity (Ref. 244). This large shark is potentially dangerous to man (Ref. 81283), probably the most dangerous species of tropical shark (Ref. 244), and it is repeatedly implicated in attacks on humans (Ref. 4967, 44894); attacks in fresh water are rare (Ref. 44894). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244) FB-DiagnosticDescr-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-11-29 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Uses Diagnosis: Carcharhinus leucas is a massive shark with a short, broad and blunt snout, small eyes and triangular saw-edged upper teeth, and lack of interdorsal ridge, characters which are sufficient to distinguish this species (Ref. 26938).Description: A large carcharhinid characterized by its massive body, a very short and rounded snout and tiny, round eyes (Ref. 81283, 81623). Labial folds rudimentary, nasal flap broadly triangular (Ref. 81623). Teeth in the upper jaw are upright, strongly serrated, triangular and broad at their bases, with strongly denticulate edges; teeth in the lower jaw are more slender and pointed, their edges finely denticulate (Ref. 12484, 81283, 81623). Symphysial teeth present on both jaws; tooth formula 12-14/12-13 on each side of jaws (Ref. 81623). Spiracles absent, posterior lateral gill-slits overlapping origin of pectoral fins (Ref. 81623). First dorsal fin broad and triangular, slightly convex anteriorly but with a concave posterior margin; distinctly smaller than the second, less than 3.2 times height of second dorsal fin; beginning slightly before anal-fin origin; no interdorsal ridge (Ref. 5578, 81253, 81283, 81623). Second dorsal fin much smaller than first, situated over anal fin (Ref. 81623). Pectoral fins rather large and broad (Ref. 81623). Posterior margin of anal fin strongly concave (Ref. 81623). Precaudal vertebral centra 101-103, total vertebral centra 198-227 (Ref. 81623).Colouration: The colour of the body is predominantly grey with a pale to white underside (Ref. 5578, 12484, 81623). Juveniles have black tips to their fins, which fade with age (Ref. 9997, 12484). Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Morphology-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Cristina V. Garilao 1995-11-29 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#LifeCycle Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p. (Ref. 5578) FB-Distribution-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2025-11-05 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical waters (Ref. 81283): widespread in warm oceans, rivers and lakes (Ref. 4716). Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to Argentina (Ref. 58839); eastern Atlantic: Morocco, Senegal to Angola (Ref. 81283, 81623); Indo-Pacific: Kenya and South Africa to India, then, Viet Nam to Australia; southern Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador and possibly occurring in Peru. Africa: in freshwater found in rivers of West Africa from Gambia River to Ogowe River (Ref. 81283) and in the Cuanza in Angola (Ref. 120641).Sympatric with Carcharhinus amboinensis, Glyphis gangeticus. Halstead, B.W. 1980 Dangerous marine animals. Cornell Maritime Press, Inc., Maryland, U.S.A. (Ref. 4716) FB-Uses-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA. (Ref. 4699) van der Elst, R. 1993 A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. (3rd Ed.). Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 398 p. (Ref. 12484) FB-Migration-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Diseases Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692). Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) FB-LifeCycle-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Armi G. Torres 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=873&StockCode=889 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Viviparpous, with a yolk-sac placenta, 1-13 young in a litter. Size at birth about 60 cm TL (Ref. 9997). In the western North Atlantic off Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and off South Africa, young are born in late spring or early summer. Off Nicaragua, females may have young throughout the year, with a peak in spring and early summer. Estimated gestation period is 10 to 11 months (Ref. 244). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Females often have courtship scars, but males are rarely seen with fighting scars (Ref. 244). Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) FB-TrophicStrategy-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-06-07 00:00:00 2023-08-30 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public leucas A coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Ref. 244). It readily penetrates far up rivers and hypersaline bays and littoral lagoons (Refs. 9997, 44894, 81283, 9773). Capable of covering great distances, up to 180 kilometers in 24 hours, and moving between fresh and brackish water at random (Ref. 44894). Juveniles move upstream and may be found several km from the sea, adults found near estuaries (Ref. 4967). Euryhaline species. Opportunistic feeder (Ref. 9773). Wetherbee, B.M., S.H. Gruber and E. Cortes 1990 Diet, feeding habits, digestion, and consumption in sharks, with special reference to the lemon shark, <i>Negaprion brevirostris</i>. p. 29-47. In H.L. Pratt, Jr., S.H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi (eds.) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90. 517 p. (Ref. 568) FB-Size-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 360 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 85726)); 400 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 316.5 kg (Ref. 40637); max. reported age: 32 years (Ref. 42004) McCord, M.E. and S.J. Lamberth 2009 Catching and tracking the world’s largest Zambezi (bull) shark <i>Carcharhinus leucas</i> in the Breede Estuary, South Africa: the first 43 hours. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 31(1):107-111. (Ref. 85726) IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. (Ref. 40637) Wintner, S.P., S.F.J. Dudley, N. Kistnasamy and B. Everett 2002 Age and growth estimates for the Zambezi shark, <i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>, from the east coast of South Africa. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 53:557-566. (Ref. 42004) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Habitat-873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2024-01-22 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ John E. Randall General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=873 reef-associated; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 1 - 164 m (Ref. 106604), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 55183) Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) Weigmann, S. 2016 Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J. Fish Biol. 88(1):1-201. (Ref. 106604) Florida Museum of Natural History 2005 Biological profiles: bull shark. Retrieved on 26 August 2005, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/bullshark/bullshark.html. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History: Education-Biological Profiles. FLMNH, University of Florida. (Ref. 55183)