FB-91 http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=91 Animalia Chordata Teleostei Scombriformes Scombridae Allothunnus Allothunnus fallai Serventy, 1948 Brugde Dlugoszpar Długoszpar Rekin gigantyczny Rekin olbrzymi Albafar Cação-peregrino-argentino Frade Peixe frade Peixe-carago Peixe-frade Peregrino Relengueiro Tubarão frade Tubarâo-frade Tubarão-frade Tubarão-peregrino Koesterhaai Peshkagen shtegtar Peshkaqen shtegtar Peshkaqeni gjigant Kalb Cagnaccia Heulgi Brugde Mandelhai Reuzenhai Riesenhai Basking shark Basking tresher Bone shark Elephant shark Hoe-mother Shark Sunfish Sun-fish Hiidhai Brugda Jättiläishai Éléphant de mer Pèlerin Poisson à voiles Requin Requin pélerin Squale géant Squale pélerin Karish anak Psina golema Psina gorostasna Sunčani pas Beinhákarl Can Cagna Canisca Elefante Imbestino Mmistinu Pesce elefante Pesce pappagallo Pisci sceccu Squalo elefante Squalo gigante Squalo pellegrino Squalo rostrato Ubazame 돌묵상어 Reremai Gabdoll Gobdoll Pixxitonnu Gigantskaya akula Акула гигантская Pzina golema Brugd Büyük camgöz Büyükcamgöz balığı Colayo Marrajo ballenato Marrajo gigante Peje vaca Peregrino Pez elefante Tiburón canasta Tiburón peregrino An liamhán gréine K'wet'thenéchte Morski pes orjak Pelegrí Reuzenhaai Saparnasm Skylopsaro Sapounas Skylòpsaro Καρχαρίας Παπάς Σαπουνάς Σκυλόψαρο 姥鯊 姥鲨 象沙 象鮫 象鲛 Cetorhinus blainvillei de Brito Capello, 1869 Cetorhinus maccoyi (Barrett, 1933) Cetorhinus maximus f. infanuncula Deinse & Adriani, 1953 Cetorhinus maximus infanuncula Deinse & Adriani, 1953 Cetorhinus maximus normani (Siccardi, 1961) Cetorhinus normani Siccardi, 1961 Cetorhinus rostratus (Macri, 1819) Halsydrus maccoyi (Barrett, 1933) Halsydrus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) Halsydrus pontoppidiani Fleming, 1817 Hannovera aurata van Beneden, 1871 Polyprosopus macer Couch, 1862 Scoliophis atlanticus Anonymous, 1817 Selache elephas (Le Sueur, 1822) Selache maxima (Gunnerus, 1765) Selache maximum (Gunnerus, 1765) Selache maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) Selachus pennantii Cornish, 1885 Squalis gunneri Blainville, 1816 Squalis shavianus Blainville, 1816 Squalus cetaceus Gronow, 1854 Squalus elephas Lesueur, 1822 Squalus gunnerianus Blainville, 1810 Squalus homianus Blainville, 1810 Squalus isodus Macri, 1819 Squalus maximus Gunnerus, 1765 Squalus pelegrinus Blainville, 1810 Squalus peregrinus Blainville, 1810 Squalus rashleighanus Couch, 1838 Squalus rhinoceros DeKay, 1842 Squalus rostratus Macri, 1819 Tetraoras angiova Rafinesque, 1810 Tetroras angiova Rafinesque, 1810 Tetroras maccoyi Barrett, 1933 1990-10-17 2024-08-12 Breder, C.M. and D.E. 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(Ref. 131153) Ferragut-Perello, F., S. Ramirez-Amaro, A.C. Tsikliras, N. Petit-Marty, D. Dimarchopoulou0 Exploitation and conservation status of the thornback ray (<i>Raja clavata</i>) in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean). Fishes 8(2):117. (Ref. 132125) Simian, G., D. Abraham, N. Bailly, P. Béarez, F. Urtizberea, A. Perrot, H. Goraguer, R. Langlois, P. Daszkiewicz, F. Teletchea, S. Tercerie and G. Denys0 Checklist of fishes from the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. Cybium 46(4):371-384. (Ref. 132183) Finnegan, K.A.0 A mitogenomics view of the population sturcture and evolutionary history of the basking shark, <i>Cetorhinus maximus</i>. USA: Florida, Nova Southeastern University, MSc Thesis, 86, p. (Ref. 133126) FB-pic-90-3862 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/gif FAO 1995-05-18 1998-12-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Migration http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cemax_u1.gif http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/gif/tn_Cemax_u1.gif FB-pic-90-44251 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Information Center Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2006-04-06 2008-07-25 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. Image can be freely copied and altered but may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Original author and source must be properly acknowledged WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size http://www.fishbase.us/images/species/Cemax_u2.jpg http://www.fishbase.us/images/thumbnails/jpg/tn_Cemax_u2.jpg FB-GeneralDescr-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Biology http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats The second largest shark, reportedly reaching 1,220-1,520 cm TL (Ref. 247). Thought to live up to 50 years (Ref. 9030, 89083). Semi-oceanic or oceanic species, highly migratory (Ref. 43278). Found on continental and insular shelves, offshore and often close to land, just off the surf zone; enters enclosed bays (Ref. 247). Coastal-pelagic at 1 meter to unknown depths, probably epipelagic (Ref. 58302). Occurs singly, in pairs or groups of 3 or more, or in huge schools (group of up to 100 individuals has been reported) (Ref. 6871, 43278). Prefers water temperature between 8-16 °C (Ref. 88171). Makes extensive horizontal and vertical movements along the continental shelf and shelf edge to utilize productive feeding areas (Ref. 50200). During the summer months, it is found near the surface of boreal to warm-temperate areas (Ref. 43278) feeding on zooplankton by filtering (Ref. 88781). Found in deeper waters during winter (Ref. 6871, 50200, 58302). Undertakes long transoceanic migrations (e.g. from the British Isles to Newfoundland, Canada (Ref. 88824)) and moves between the northern and southern hemisphere in tropical mesopelagic water (Ref. 88825). These migrations have been found to cover distances of over 9,000 km. May form segregations by size or sex (Ref. 88171). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as ordinarily harmless and inoffensive but potentially dangerous if attacked (particularly when harpooned) (Ref. 247). In Bay of Fundy, Canada parasitic lampreys have been found attached to the back of basking sharks and sucking their blood (Ref. 83375). Utilized fresh, frozen and dried, or salted (Ref. 9987). Also valued for its liver for oil, fins for soup, hide for leather and carcass for fishmeal (Ref. 247). May be a potential source of anti-carcinoma drugs (Ref. 6034, 6035). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Threatened due to bycatch fisheries (Ref. 83294). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-DiagnosticDescr-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-08-04 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Distinguished from all other sharks by the enormous gill slits practically encircling the head; dermal denticle gill rakers; pointed snout; huge, sub terminal mouth with minute hooked teeth; caudal peduncle with strong lateral keels, and lunate caudal fin. Body covered with placoid scales. Blackish to grey-brown, grey, or blue-grey, often with irregular white blotches under the head and abdomen (Ref. 43278). Also Ref. 309, 5983. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-Morphology-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-08-04 00:00:00 2017-11-15 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0 Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-Distribution-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-02-13 00:00:00 2024-07-17 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 Cosmopolitan, frequent in cold to warm temperate waters; rare in equatorial waters (Ref. 48844). Highly migratory species. At risk of extinction by overfishing because of low to very low productivity (Ref. 36717). Compagno, L.J.V., D. Dando and S. Fowler 2005 Sharks of the world. Princeton field guides. Harper Collins Publishing Ltd., London. 368 p. (Ref. 58085) FB-Uses-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Importance http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size fisheries: commercial FAO 1992 FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings. Vol. 70: 1990. FAO Fish. Ser. 38:647 p. (Ref. 4931) Bird, J. 2009 Jonathan Bird's Blue World. Webisode 15: The shark and the lamprey. http://www.blueworldtv.com/s1_e15.html (video). (Ref. 83375) FB-Migration-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km. Maguire, J.-J., M. Sissenwine, J. Csirke, R. Grainger and S. Garcia 2006 The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 495. Rome: FAO. 84p. (Ref. 87829) FB-LifeCycle-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org//Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=90&StockCode=2286 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Courtship behaviour patterns associated with elasmobranch reproduction were documented from an aerial observation which include 'parallel swimming', 'pectoral biting', 'nudging', and 'male on top of female'. Other mating behaviours particular to this species from the same aerial observation include nose-to-tail following; flank approach; close approach involving rostral contact or proximity with the gill, pectoral fin, vent, and dorsum; and echelon swimming (Ref. 37026). Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed (Ref. 50449). Estimated gestation period 12-36 months (Ref. 247, 1765, 9030, 88829); TL at birth estimated between 150-200 cm; mating thought to take place during early summer; a female giving birth to young captured in August in Norwegian waters (Ref. 5983). Over a study period of 5 years, courtship-like behaviour was observed off southwest England between May and July, always in surface waters along thermal fronts; because actual mating was not observed, this may occur in deeper water (Ref. 88831). A one-year resting period between pregnancies is thought to occur, resulting in a 2-4 year interval between litters (Ref. 9030, 1765, 88829). Only one pregnant female has been observed giving birth to a litter of 6 pups (Ref. 88830). Kunzlik, P.A. 1988 The basking shark. Dept. Agric. Fish. Scotland, Scottish Fisheries Information Pamphlet (14), 21 p. (Ref. 5983) FB-TrophicStrategy-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1991-02-14 00:00:00 2011-12-08 18:43:56 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public maximus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution Selective filter feeder that orients itself towards the most productive zooplankton patches, preferring areas where zooplankton density is above 1 g/m3 (Ref. 88781). Occurrence and movements appear to be correlated to sea surface temperature, in particular to the thermal boundaries at tidal and shelf-break fronts (as these areas may have seasonally productive zooplankton patches which the shark locates and utilizes) (Ref. 50200, 88781, 88826). Often in close association with shoals of other fish such as Clupea harengus and Scomber scombrus in the Northern Atlantic (Ref. 310). During the summer months the basking shark is often seen swimming slowly near the surface with its large mouth held open for approximately 30 to 60 seconds. Water passively enters its mouth, possesses long bristly gill rakers on long gill arches to filter out the zooplankton. It periodically closes its mouth and forcefully constricts its gill arches, probably as a means to expel as much water from the buccal cavitiy (Ref. 33579). On average, about half a tonne of plankton may be found in an individual’s stomach (Ref. 43278). During the winter months found to inhabit the deeper waters of the shelf and shelf edges of the northeast Atlantic (Ref. 50200), the winter diving behaviour may be related to the search for discrete calanoid patches at deeper depths (Ref. 50200). Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) FB-Size-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Kent E. Carpenter 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Max. size http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 1,520 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 247)); 980 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 4,000.0 kg (Ref. 4645) Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref. 247) Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645) FB-Threats-2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Belen Acosta 1990-10-18 00:00:00 2024-03-07 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Size Least Concern (LC) , IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. FB-Diseases-90-313 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-08-21 00:00:00 1993-08-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=90&StockCode=2286 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Threats Dinematura Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Matthews, L.H. and H.W. Parker 1950 Notes on the anatomy and biology of the basking shark. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 120(3):356-357. (Ref. 309) FB-Diseases-90-314 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Crispina B. Binohlan 1993-08-21 00:00:00 1993-08-21 00:00:00 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/diseasesList.cfm?ID=90&StockCode=2286 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Habitat Nemesis Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) Matthews, L.H. and H.W. Parker 1950 Notes on the anatomy and biology of the basking shark. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 120(3):356-357. (Ref. 309) FB-Habitat-90 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html Susan M. Luna 1992-06-15 00:00:00 2025-10-27 00:00:00 Environment http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ WorldFish Center - FishBase General public http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=90 http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#Distribution pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref. 87829); marine; depth range 0 - 2000 m (Ref. 26346), usually 0 - ? m (Ref. 55197) Maguire, J.-J., M. Sissenwine, J. Csirke, R. Grainger and S. Garcia 2006 The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 495. Rome: FAO. 84p. (Ref. 87829) Cox, G. and M. Francis 1997 Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury Univ. Press, Univ. of Canterbury. 68 p. (Ref. 26346) Florida Museum of Natural History 2005 Biological profiles: basking shark. Retrieved on 26 August 2005, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/baskingshark/baskingshark.html. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History: Education-Biological Profiles. FLMNH, University of Florida. (Ref. 55197)