محیط زیست: محیط زیست / منطقه آب و هوایی / تغييرات عمق / محدوده توزیع
بوم شناسي
دريايي; آب شيرين; لب شور وابسته به آب سنگ; رود کوچ (Ref. 126106); تغييرات عمق 0 - 40 m (Ref. 3789), usually 0 - 15 m (Ref. 42064). Subtropical; 10°C - 40°C (Ref. 93687); 49°N - 44°S, 99°W - 14°E (Ref. 55254)
Atlantic Ocean: from Nova Scotia, Bermuda and southward to Brazil in western Atlantic Ocean (Ref. 3234, 4446), where it it also found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Ref. 26938); from Mauritania to Angola in eastern Atlantic Ocean (Ref. 2845, 3234, 4446, 81266); with exceptional records in Portugal, Azores and Atlantic coast of southern France (Ref. 3234, 4446). Crossed the Panama canal and was caught at Coiba Island in the Pacific Ocean (Ref. 4446).
طول در اولین بلوغ / اندازه / وزن / سن
بلوغ: Lm 160.0, range 130 - 128.5 cm
Max length : 250 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 2683); common length : 130 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 2683); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 161.0 kg (Ref. 26340); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 55 سال ها (Ref. 9975)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 13 - 16; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 22 - 25; مهره ها: 53 - 57. Diagnosis: It is characterized by the anterior position of pelvic fin insertions in relation to dorsal-fin origin, and by some morphometric counts: 13-16 dorsal-fin rays, 40-48 lateral-line scales and 53-57 vertebrae (Ref. 2845, 81266).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Inhabit coastal waters, bays, estuaries, mangrove-lined lagoons, and rivers (Ref. 3789, 27188). Often found in river mouths and bays, entering fresh water (Ref. 27227). Lower depth limit at 40m (Ref. 118621). Large schools may frequent particular spots for years (Ref. 9710). Feed on fishes like sardines, anchovies, Mugilidae, Centropomus, Cichlidae (mainly those forming schools) and crabs (Ref. 3789, 27188). The swim bladder, attached to the esophagus, can be filled directly with air and permits the fish to live in oxygen-poor waters. Has high fecundity, a 203 cm female is estimated to produce over 12 million eggs (Ref. 10863). Spawn in waters which can be temporarily isolated from the open sea (Ref. 27188). Transparent leptocephalus larvae migrate into estuaries (Ref. 57533). Famous for its spectacular leaps when hooked. Marketed fresh or salted (Ref. 3789). Large scales are used in ornamental work and in preparation of artificial pearls (Ref. 3789). Used to be cultured commercially in Colombia (Ref. 7306). Highly appreciated by sport fishers. The flesh is also highly appreciated despite its being bony (Ref. 27188). The world record for hook and line is 283 lbs. from Lake Maricaibo, Venezuela (Ref. 13442).
Some populations may complete life cycle in freshwater, e.g. Lake Nicaragua in Central America, and Deep Lake in Florida (Ref. 4639).
Hureau, J.-C., 1984. Megalopidae. p. 226-227. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3234)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
خطر برای انسان ها
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 31172)
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; آبزي پروري: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: آکواریوم عمومی
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
تخمینها بر اساس مدلها
شاخص تنوع فیلوژنتیکی (مرجع 82804) |
PD50 = 1.0020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01023 (0.00421 - 0.02490), b=3.02 (2.80 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
سطح تروفیک (مرجع 69278) |
4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
جهندگی (مرجع 120179) |
پايين ، كم, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 5/4 – 14 سال (K=0.07-0.10; tmax=55; Fec>1 million). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.34, 95% CL = 0.22 - 0.51, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment. |
آسیبپذیری ماهیگیری (Ref. 59153) |
Very high vulnerability (76 of 100). 🛈 |
آسیبپذیری اقلیمی (Ref. 125649) |
High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100). 🛈 |
طبقه قيمت (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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مواد مغذی (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 8.83 [4.70, 21.29] mg/100g; Iron = 0.421 [0.226, 0.795] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [16.7, 22.0] %; Omega3 = 0.21 [0.11, 0.40] g/100g; Selenium = 21.2 [9.5, 44.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33 [9, 118] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.458 [0.310, 0.701] mg/100g (wet weight); |