Epinephelus itajara, Atlantic goliath grouper : fisheries, gamefish

Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)

Atlantic goliath grouper
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Epinephelus itajara   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Epinephelus itajara (Atlantic goliath grouper)
Epinephelus itajara
Photo von Bertoncini, A.A.

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> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).

Umwelt: Milieu / Klimazone / Tiefenbereich / Verbreitungsgebiet Ökologie

seewasser; brackwasser riff-verbunden; tiefenbereich 0 - 100 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 46 m (Ref. 55295). Subtropical; 36°N - 33°S, 121°W - 12°E (Ref. 55295)

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Western Atlantic: Florida, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo (reported as Epinephelus esonue, Ref. 2739, 6809); rare in Canary Islands (Ref. 6808). Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California to Peru) species refers to Epinephelus quinquefasciatus. Discrete populations of E. itajara exist in the western Atlantic (Ref. 89627).

Länge bei der ersten Reifung / Größe / Gewicht / Alter

Geschlechtsreife: Lm 128.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 26550); common length : 150 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 5217); max. veröff. Gewicht: 455.0 kg (Ref. 4841); max. veröff. Alter: 37 Jahre (Ref. 4841)

Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie

Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 11; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 15 - 16; Afterflossenstacheln: 3; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: brownish yellow, grey or greenish body color; head and dorsal part of body and fins with small black spots; body robust and elongate; body depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in SL; HL 2.3-2.9 in SL; extremely broad head; flat interorbital; rounded preopercle, finely serrate; round nostrils, subequal; maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye; 3-5 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; absence of canines at front jaw (Ref. 89707); further characterized by having opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. Juveniles tawny with irregular vertical bands.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.

Biologie     Fachlexikon (Englisch) (z.B. epibenthic)

A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in shallow, inshore areas. Found on rock, coral, or mud bottoms (Ref. 5217). Juveniles found in mangrove areas and brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217). Large adults may be found in estuaries (Ref. 5217). Adults appear to occupy limited home ranges with little inter-reef movement. Feeds primarily on crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters as well as turtles and fishes, including stingrays. Territorial near its refuge cave or wreck where it may show a threat display with open mouth and quivering body. Larger individuals have been known to stalk and attacks divers. Over-fished, primarily by spear fishing (Ref. 9710). Marketed fresh and salted. Meat is of excellent quality. Important game fish (Ref. 9342). Reported to reach weights of more than 315 kg (Ref. 26938).

Lebenszyklus und Paarungsverhalten Geschlechtsreife | Fortpflanzung | Ablaichen | Eier | Fruchtbarkeit | Larven

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Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Verwundbar (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 20 November 2016

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Bedrohung für Menschen

  Traumatogenic (Ref. 4716)





Nutzung durch Menschen

Fischereien: weniger kommerziell; Sportfisch: ja
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Schätzungen auf der Grundlage von Modellen

Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex
(Ref. 82804) 		PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.01072 (0.00618 - 0.01858), b=3.04 (2.90 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophische Ebene
(Ref. 69278) 		4.1   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 8.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit
(Ref. 120179) 		niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert 4,5 - 14 Jahre. (K=0.13; tm=5.5-6.5).
Anfälligkeit der Fischerei
(Ref. 59153) 		High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100). 🛈
Preiskategorie
(Ref. 80766) 		Very high.
Nährstoffe
(Ref. 124155) 		Calcium = 7.75 [2.67, 16.99] mg/100g; Iron = 0.365 [0.171, 0.783] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.3, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.169 [0.084, 0.334] g/100g; Selenium = 25.9 [11.7, 60.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.7 [8.5, 195.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.626 [0.390, 0.977] mg/100g (wet weight);