Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten revassocierade; amfidrom (Ref. 126106); djupintervall 0 - 84 m (Ref. 13608), usually 1 - 15 m (Ref. 9268). Subtropical; 26°N - 7°N, 97°W - 58°W (Ref. 118624)
Worldwide in warm seas. Hawaiian species have been verified by electrophoretic analysis (Ref. 5577), hence, Albula vulpes might be further split. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru (Ref. 2850). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Florida, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Antilles and Caribbean to Brazil (Ref. 26938). Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951). The West African form is Albula goreensis, Valenciennes, 1846.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 37.5, range 21 - 36 cm
Max length : 104 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 7251); publicerad maxvikt: 10.0 kg (Ref. 37955)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 15 - 19; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 7 - 9; Ryggkotor: 69 - 74. Branchiostegal rays 12-14 (Ref. 4639). Silvery with dusky fins; base of pectorals yellow (Ref. 3970). Body elongate and fusiform (Ref. 4832). Last ray of dorsal and anal fins not prolonged; head region naked; spot and band absent on head; margin of nasal pore not black (Ref. 13608). Bluntly conical snout extends beyond inferior mouth (Ref. 26938). Pectoral and pelvic axillary scales present; a single long scale on each side of membrane between each ray of dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 4832).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Adults inhabit shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feed on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850); that are picked from mud and sand bottoms (Ref. 27549). They can tolerate oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). Flesh is bony and not esteemed (Ref. 9268). One of the most important game fishes worldwide (Ref. 26938).
Spawning occurs in open waters. Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 205).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1990. Albulidae. p. 122-124. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris, Vol. 1. (Ref. 4447)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 4690)
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; sportfisk: ja; bete: usually
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5007 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01230 (0.00893 - 0.01695), b=3.02 (2.93 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278) |
3.7 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies. |
Resiliens (Ref. 120179) |
Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (K=0.3; tm=2; tmax=20). |
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100). 🛈 |
Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref. 125649) |
High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100). 🛈 |
Priskategori (Ref. 80766) |
High.
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Näringsämnen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 16.1 [8.5, 47.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.503 [0.283, 0.890] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.7, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.258 [0.146, 0.453] g/100g; Selenium = 21 [11, 40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.8 [7.7, 79.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.641 [0.446, 0.942] mg/100g (wet weight); |