Oncorhynchus nerka, Sockeye salmon : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)

Sockeye salmon
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Oncorhynchus nerka   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye salmon)
Oncorhynchus nerka
Female Immagine di Keeley, E.R.

Classificazione / Nomi Nomi Comuni | Sinonimi | Catalog of Fishes(Genere, Specie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Salmoniformes (Salmons) > Salmonidae (Salmonids) > Salmoninae
Etymology: Oncorhynchus: Greek, onyx, -ychos = nail + Greek, rhyngchos = snout (Ref. 45335); nerka: nerka which is the Russian name for the anadromous form (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Walbaum.

Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione Ecologia

marino; acqua dolce; salmastro pelagic-oceanic; anadromo (Ref. 132363); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 250 m (Ref. 50550). Temperate; 0°C - 25°C (Ref. 35682); 72°N - 42°N, 130°E - 109°W (Ref. 117423)

Distribuzione Territories | Aree FAO | Ecosistemi | Presenze | Mappa dei ritrovamenti | Introduzioni | Faunafri

North Pacific: northern Japan to Bering Sea and to Los Angeles, California, USA (Ref. 2850). Artic and Pacific drainages from Point Hope in Alaska to Columbia River drainage in Oregon and Idaho in USA. Landlocked populations in Alaska, Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, and Washington, Oregon, and California in USA (Ref. 86798).

Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età

Maturità: Lm 60.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 84.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 86798); 71.0 cm (female); common length : 45.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9988); common length :58 cm (female); peso massimo pubblicato: 7.7 kg (Ref. 40637); Età massima riportata: 8 anni (Ref. 72462)

Breve descrizione Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria

Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 11 - 16; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 13 - 18; Vertebre: 56 - 67. Both the sockeye and the kokanee are distinguished by the long, fine, serrated, closely spaced gill rakers on the first arch that number between 30 and 40, and by its lack of definite spot on the back and tail (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, laterally compressed, body depth moderate, slightly deeper in breeding males (Ref. 6885). Head bluntly pointed, conical, eye rather small, position variable with sex and condition; snout rather pointed (Ref. 6885). Lateral line straight (Ref. 27547). Pelvic fins with axillary process; caudal emarginate (Ref. 27547). Pre-spawning fish are dark steel blue to greenish blue on the head and back, silvery on the sides and white to silvery on the belly; no definite spots on the back, although some individuals may have dark speckling and irregular marks on the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). At spawning, the head of the males becomes bright to olive green, with black on the snout and upper jaw; the adipose and anal fins turn red and the paired fins and tail generally become grayish to green or dark; females are generally less brilliantly colored than males (Ref. 27547). Various populations may show less brilliant colors, and a few turn dull green to yellowish, with little if any red (Ref. 27547).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.

Biologia     Glossario (es. epibenthic)

Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Occurs in open ocean and lakes and migrates up to coastal streams to spawn (Ref. 86798). There are two forms, the anadromous form known as the sockeye and the landlocked form (with a much smaller maximum size) known as the kokanee (Ref. 27547). Upon emergence from gravel, fry at first tends to avoid light, hiding during the day and emerging at night (Ref. 27547). In some populations, sockeye fry go to the sea during their first summer but most spend one or two (rarely three or four) years in a lake before migrating (Ref. 30333). In a few streams of the Copper River drainage in Alaska, young sockeye stay in the stream (Ref. 27547). Once in the lake, the young spend a few weeks inshore, feeding largely on ostracods, cladocerans and insect larvae. The fish then become pelagic and move offshore, where they feed on plankton in the upper 20 m or so (Ref. 27547). Seaward migration follows with the young individuals first staying fairly close to shore, feeding mainly on zooplankton, but also on small fishes and insects (Ref. 30343, 30346). With growth, they head out to sea and fish become important in the diet (Ref. 27547). Kokanee are confined to lake-stream systems, and most of its life is spent in the lake (Ref. 27547). They feed mainly on plankton, but also take insects and bottom organisms (Ref. 1998). Kokanee, wherever they are native, have been derived from anadromous populations, and each kokanee population apparently has evolved independently from a particular sockeye run (Ref. 30338, 30339). Offspring of kokanee occasionally become anadromous, and sockeye offspring occasionally remain in freshwater (Ref. 27547). Lifespan of the kokanee varies from two to seven years in different stocks (Ref. 27547). The sockeye is one of the most commercially important Pacific salmons; the kokanee is primarily a sport fish but also makes excellent food and in some areas well regarded as food for large trout (Ref. 27547). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988).

Ciclo vitale e comportamento di accoppiamento Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecondità | Larve

Adult sockeyes return to natal streams to spawn. This occurs during summer and fall and as late as December in the southern part of the range. The female selects a site, usually with gravel bottom, and digs a nest. During nest building, the female is attended by a dominant male and a few subordinate males. At this stage, females tend to be aggressive toward other females and subordinate males; males are aggressive toward other males. Between digging acts, the female will rest over the pit while the dominant male courts her. Once the nest is completed, the female enters the nest, followed immediately by the dominant male who comes close beside her. Their mouths gape, and the pair vibrates to release eggs and sperm. One or more subordinate males may come to the other side of the female and join in the spawning. The female then moves to the upstream edge of the nest and digs again, covering the old nest, at the same time creating a new one just upstream from the previous one. A female normally needs 3 to 5 days to deposit all her eggs and utilizes 3 to 5 nests for this purpose. She may spawn with several dominant males. A male may breed with several females. All adult sockeye die after spawning (Ref. 27547). Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).

Riferimento principale Caricare le referenze | Bibliografia | Coordinatore | Collaboratori

Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)

Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 November 2010

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Minaccia per l'uomo

  Harmless





Usi umani

Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si; Acquario: Acquari pubblici
FAO - Sistemi di acquacoltura: production searchpesca: profilo della specie, landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Informazioni ulteriori

Ecologia trofica
Articoli alimentari (prede)
Alimentazione
Consumo di cibo
Razioni alimentari
Predatori
Ecologia
Ecologia
Dinamica della popolazione
Parametri di crescita
Età massima / dimensioni massime
Rapporto lunghezza-peso.
Lunghezza-lunghezza rel.
Lunghezza-frequenze
Conversione di massa
Reclutamento
Abbondanza
Ciclo di vita
Riproduzione
Maturità
Maturità/Gli occhielli sono relativi.
Fecondità
Deposizione
Aggregazioni riproduttive
Uova
Sviluppo delle uova
Larve
Dinamica popolazioni larvali
Distribuzione
Territories
Aree FAO
Ecosistemi
Presenze
Introduzioni
BRUVS - Video
Anatomia
Area branchiale
Cervello
Otolite
Fisiologia
Composizione corporea
Nutrienti
Consumo di ossigeno
Tipo di nuoto
Velocità di nuoto
Pigmenti visivi
Suono del pesce
Malattie e parassiti
Tossicità (LC50)
Genetica
Genome
Genetica
Eterozigosi
Ereditarietà
Diversità genetica
Legato all'uomo
Sistemi di acquacoltura
Profili di acquacoltura
Varietà
Casi di Ciguatera
Francobolli, monete, materiale vario.
Raggiungimento
Collaboratori
Tassonomia
Nomi Comuni
Sinonimi
Morfologia
Morfometria
Immagini
Bibliografia
Bibliografia

Strumenti

Quiz organico | Libro elettronico | Giuda pratica | Chiavi di identificazione | Generatore frequenze di lunghezza | Strumento Parametri Biologici | Mappa dei ritrovamenti | Cattura-MSY |

Rapporti speciali

Controllo della manutenzione dell'acquario | Verificare la presenza di schede informative sulle specie | Verifica delle schede informative sull'acquacoltura

Scarica XML

Pagina riassuntiva | Dati puntuali | Nomi Comuni | foto

Fonti Internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genere, Specie | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Sistemi di acquacoltura: production searchpesca: profilo della specie, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Database Nazionali | OceanAdapt | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Acquari pubblici | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go, ricerca | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Record zoologico

Stime basate su modelli

Indice di diversità filogenetica
(Fonte Biblio. 82804) 		PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.01047 (0.00491 - 0.02235), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Livello trofico
(Fonte Biblio. 69278) 		3.5   ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 2.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.
Resilienza
(Fonte Biblio. 120179) 		Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.37-0.58; tm=2-4; tmax=7; Fec=300).
Rate of population increase Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.76, Based on 5 full stock assessments.
Vulnerabilità della pesca
(Ref. 59153) 		Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100). 🛈
Vulnerabilità climatica
(Ref. 125649) 		High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100). 🛈
Categoria di prezzo
(Ref. 80766) 		Very high.
Nutrienti
(Ref. 124155) 		Calcium = 24.7 [6.9, 74.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.554 [0.235, 1.400] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.9, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 1.94 [0.87, 4.43] g/100g; Selenium = 80.4 [22.8, 318.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.13 [2.62, 33.21] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.472 [0.271, 0.940] mg/100g (wet weight);