個人による観察記録の追加 Fish Watcher
| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Anguilla anguilla AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
アップロード 写真 そして ビデオ
画像 | ビデオ | 切手、コイン、その他 | グーグルの画像
Anguilla anguilla
画像によって V. Tachos & D. Bobori
画像 | ビデオ | 切手、コイン、その他 | グーグルの画像
画像によって V. Tachos & D. Bobori
分類 / 名前 共通名の | 類義語 | Catalog of Fishes(部類, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Anguilliformes (Eels and morays) > Anguillidae (Freshwater eels)
Etymology: Anguilla: Latin, anguilla, .-ae = eel (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Anguilla: Latin, anguilla, .-ae = eel (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
環境：環境 / 気候帯 / 深さの範囲 / 分布範囲 生態学
海; 新鮮な水; 汽水性の 底生の; 降流性の (Ref. 30240); 深さの範囲 0 - 700 m (Ref. 54218) (Ref. 138638). Temperate; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 75°N - 8°N, 82°W - 50°E (Ref. 42249)
分布 領土 | 国連食糧農業機関の区域 | エコシステム | 事件 | 目的のマップ | 導入 | Faunafri
Atlantic Ocean: Atlantic coast from Scandinavia to Morocco; Baltic, Black and Mediterranean Seas; rivers of North Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean seas (Ref. 172, Ref. 51442). Continuous introductions to Asia and South and Central America. Spawning area in western Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Recent genomic DNA studies show that the European eel exhibits isolation by distance, implying that non-random mating and restricted gene flow among eels from different location exists (Ref. 43723). The existence of 3 genetically distinct sub-populations is suggested: a Northern European subpopulation (consisting mainly of the Icelandic stocks); a Western European subpopulation (including the Baltic, the Mediterranean and Black Sea); a Southern sub-population (including stocks of Morocco) (Ref. 43723, 89139).
初回成熟時の長さ / サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
成熟: Lm 55.0, range 45 - 65 cm
Max length : 122 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 88166); 133.0 cm TL (female); common length : 35.0 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 6125); common length :50 cm TL (female); 最大公表体重: 6.6 kg (Ref. 39903); 最大公表体重: 6.6 kg; 最大記録サイズ: 23 年 (Ref. 106807)
Max length : 122 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 88166); 133.0 cm TL (female); common length : 35.0 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 6125); common length :50 cm TL (female); 最大公表体重: 6.6 kg (Ref. 39903); 最大公表体重: 6.6 kg; 最大記録サイズ: 23 年 (Ref. 106807)
簡単な記述 検索表 | 形態学 | 形態計測学
背面の脊椎 (合計) : 0; 肛門の骨: 0; 脊つい: 110 - 120. Elongated, anguilliform body (Ref. 51442), cylindrical anteriorly, somewhat compressed posteriorly (Ref. 6125). Lower jaw slightly longer and projecting (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442). Gill openings small and vertical, restricted to the sides (Ref. 6125). Elongated dorsal and anal fins, confluent with caudal fin (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442), forming one unique fin from the anus to the middle of the back with minimum 500 soft rays (Ref. 40476). Dorsal fin origin far behind pectoral fins; anal fin origin slightly behind anus, well back from origin of dorsal fin (Ref. 6125). Pelvic fins absent (Ref. 2196, Ref. 51442). Greenbrown colored (Ref. 51442).
Body shape (shape guide): eel-like; Cross section: circular.
Body shape (shape guide): eel-like; Cross section: circular.
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Inhabits all types of benthic habitats from streams to shores of large rivers and lakes. Naturally found only in water bodies connected to the sea (Ref. 59043). Territorial and solitary species; 'schools' of young eels which are observed from time to time are a mass response to outward conditions and not of active assembling (Ref. 172). Amphihaline (Ref. 51442). Migrates to the depths across 2,000 km Sargasso Sea to spawn (Refs. 172, 51442, 138638). Eel larvae (leptocephali) are transparent ribbon-like. They are brought to the coasts of Europe by the Gulf Stream in 7 to 11 months time (Ref. 51442) and can last for up to 3 years (Ref. 8994). They are transformed into glass eels (6-8 cm length, cylindrical in shape and transparent to slightly pigmented in colour). They enter the estuaries and colonize rivers and lakes (Ref. 11941, 51442); some individuals remain in estuaries and coastal waters to grow into adults (Ref. 88171). The glass eel stage is followed by a long feeding period (from the yellow to the silver eel stage) lasting 6-12 years in males (Ref. 6125) and 9-20 years in females (Ref. 6125). Yellow and silver eels are benthic, found under stones, buried in the mud or in crevices (Ref. 89138). Yellow eels eventually lose their pigmentation, becoming dark dorsally and silver ventrally (called silver eels). Silver eels are also characterized by a clear contrasting black lateral line and enlarged eyes (Ref. 6125). At the end of their growth period, they become sexually mature, migrate to the sea and cover great distances during their spawning migration (5,000-6,000 km); with extensive daily vertical migrations between 200 m at night and 600 m during day time, possibly for predator avoidance (Ref. 89140). Gametogenesis occurs entirely during spawning migration. Average life span is usually 15-20 years (Ref. 88171). Male eels can grow up to 50 cm TL (Ref. 39903). Occurs at temperatures ranging from 0-30°C (Ref. 172). Its food includes virtually the whole aquatic fauna (freshwater as well as marine) occurring in the eel's area, augmented with animals living out of water, e.g. worms (Ref. 172). Best temperature for making eels sexually mature is 20-25°C (Ref. 35388). Sensitive to weak magnetic fields (Ref. 89141, 89142). Their high fat content and benthic feeding habits in continental waters make them vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants, that may result in organ damage and impaired migration capability (Ref. 82710) and lowered genetic variability (Ref. 82711). Review of information supports the view that the European eel population as a whole has declined in most areas, the stock is outside safe biological limits and current fisheries not sustainable (Ref. 82712). Obvious decreasing of the stocks for all the continental native distribution area (Ref. 40476). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be fried, boiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
ライフサイクルと交尾行動 成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Semelparous. Catadromous species. When sexual maturity is reached they leave the river. Spawning migrations occur mainly during the second half of the year but have been observed year-round, usually commencing during dark nights (Ref. 172). Maturity is obtained during the spawning migration (Ref. 88171). Actual spawning has never been observed but is believed to occur solely in the Sargasso Sea between March and June (Ref. 89144). After spawning (at 600 m depth) adults die. Sigmund Freud described the testicles of eel (Ref. 72449).
主な参考文献
参考文献のアップロード | 参考文献 | コーディネーター | 協力者
Deelder, C.L., 1984. Synopsis of biological data on the eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). FAO Fish. Synop. (80, Rev. 1):73 p. (Ref. 172)
IUCNのレッドリストの状況は (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
絶滅寸前の危機的状況 (CR) (A2bd+4bd); Date assessed: 07 November 2018
人間に対する脅威
Harmless
人間の用途
水産業: 商業; 水産養殖: 商業; ゲームフィッシュ: はい
FAO - 養殖システム: 種の外形, production search; 水産業: 種の外形, landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | 私達の周りの海
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インターネットの情報源
AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: 部類, 種 | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - 養殖システム: 種の外形, production search; 水産業: 種の外形, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | 国のデーターベース | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | OsteoBase: skull, spine | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | 公共の水族館 | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | 生命の木 | Wikipedia: 行く, 検索する | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 動物に関する記録
モデルに基づく推定値
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系統多様性指数 (参照 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00095 (0.00085 - 0.00108), b=3.17 (3.13 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
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栄養段階 (参照 69278) |
3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies. |
| Generation time | 8.4 (7.5 - 12.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 25 growth studies. |
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回復力 (参照 120179) |
低い, ４．５年～１４年の倍増期間の最小個体群 (K=0.1; tm=6-30; tmax=23). |
| Rate of population increase | Prior r = 0.20, 95% CL = 0.13 - 0.29, Based on 2 full stock assessments. |
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漁業の脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (64 of 100). 🛈 |
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価格帯 (Ref. 80766) |
Unknown. |
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栄養素 (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 18.9 [11.6, 32.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.267 [0.167, 0.425] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [17, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.664 [0.388, 1.169] g/100g; Selenium = 27.5 [14.5, 50.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.3 [2.3, 48.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.507 [0.371, 0.705] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |